Concentrations of Solutions

Behavior of solutions depend on compound

itself and on how much is present, i.e. on
the concentration.
Two solutions can contain the same
compounds but behave quite different
because the proportions of those
compounds are different.
 Concentrations of Solutions
Concentration of a solution: the more
solute in a given volume of solvent, the
more concentrated

1 tsp salt (NaCl)/cup of water

vs
3 Tbsp salt/cup water
 Molarity
Molarity is one way to measure the concentration of a
solution.

moles of solute
Molarity (M) =
volume of solution in liters

A 1.00 molar (1.00 M) solution contains 1.00 mol solute

in every 1 liter of solution.

Units of molarity are: mol/L = M

 Preparing a 1.0 Molar Solution
One liter of a 1.00 M NaCl solution
need 1.00 mol of NaCl
weigh out 58.5 g NaCl (1.00 mole) and
add water to make 1.00 liter (total volume) of
solution.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Molarity Practice
What is the molar NaCl concentration if
you have 0.5 mol NaCl in 1.00 L of
solution?
0.5 mol NaCl/1.00 L = 0.5 mol/L = 0.5 M

What is the molar NaCl concentration if

you have 0.5 mol NaCl in 0.50 L of
solution?
0.5 mol NaCl/0.50 L = 0.5/0.50 mol/L = 1 mol/L = 1 M
 Molarity Practice
What is the molar NaCl concentration if you have
10.0 g of NaCl in 1.00 L of solution?

Have grams not mols!

Grams mol
Need molar mass
NaCl: 23.00 + 35.45= 58.45 g/mol
So: 10.0g x (1 mol/35.45g)=0.282 mol NaCl
Molar concentration: 0.282 mol/1.00 L = 0.282 M
 Molarity Moles - Volume
moles of solute
Molarity (M) =
volume of solution in liters

mol
Molarity (M) =
Volume (L)

Have mol and vol molarity

Have molarity and vol mol of solute
Have molarity and mol of solute volume
AND: mol of solute grams of solute
 Practice
How many moles of HCl are present in 2.5 L of 0.10 M
HCl?
Given: 2.5 L of soln
0.10M HCl = 0.10 mol/1 L HCl
Find: mol HCl
Use: mol = molarity x volume

mol HCl =0.10 M HCl x 2.5 L = 0.10 mol HCl x 2.5 L

1L
= 0.25 mol HCl
 Practice
What volume of a 0.10 M NaOH solution is needed
to provide 0.50 mol of NaOH?
Given: 0.50 mol NaOH
0.10 M NaOH = 0.10 mol NaOH / 1L
Find: vol soln
Use: vol soln = mol solute / molarity

Vol soln = 0.50 mol NaOH = 0.50 mol NaOH

0.10 M NaOH 0.10 mol NaOH
1L
= 0.50 mol NaOH X 1L = 5 L
0.10 mol NaOH
 More Practice
How many grams of CuSO4 are needed to
prepare 250.0 mL of 1.00 M CuSO4?
Given: 250.0 mL soln
1.00 M CuSO4
Find: g CuSO4
Use: mol CuSO4 = molarity x volume
Molarity = mol / 1L
Vol = 250.0 mL
 Concentration of Solutions
Interconverting Molarity, Moles, and Volume

g CuSO4 = 250.0 mL soln x 1 L x 1.00 mol

1000 mL 1 L soln

x 159.6 g CuSO4
1 mol

= 39.9 g CuSO4
Steps involved in preparing
solutions from pure solids
 Steps involved in preparing solutions
from pure solids

Calculate the amount of solid required

Weigh out the solid
Place in an appropriate volumetric flask
Fill flask about half full with water and mix.
Fill to the mark with water and invert to mix.

You should be able to describe this process

(including calculating the mass of solid to use)
for any solution I specify.
 Dilutions
Many laboratory chemicals such as acids
are purchased as concentrated solutions
(stock solutions).
e.g. 12 M HCl
12 M H2SO4
More dilute solutions are prepared by
taking a certain quantity of the stock
solution and diluting it with water.
 Dilutions
A given volume of a stock solution contains a specific
number of moles of solute.
e.g.: 25 mL of 6.0 M HCl contains 0.15 mol HCl
(How do you know this???)

25 mL HCl 25 mL H2O
0.15 mol 50 mL
0.15 mol + =

If 25 mL of 6.0 M HCl is diluted with 25 mL of water, the

number of moles of HCl present does not change.
Still contains 0.15 mol HCl
 Dilutions
moles solute = moles solute
before dilution after dilution
Although the number of moles of solute does
not change, the volume of solution does
change.
The concentration of the solution will change
since

Molarity = moles solute

Volume of solution
 Dilution Calculation
When a solution is diluted, the concentration of
the new solution can be found using:
Mc x Vc = Md x Vd

where Mc= initial concentration (mol/L)= more

concentrated
Vc = initial volume of more conc. solution
Md =final concentration (mol/L) in dilution
Vd = final volume of diluted solution
 Dilution Calculation
What is the concentration of a solution prepared by
diluting 25.0 mL of 6.00 M HCl to a total volume of
50.0 mL?
Given: Vc = 25.0 mL Note: Vcand Vd do not have to
Mc = 6.00 M be in liters, but they
must be in the same
Vd = 50.0 mL units.
Find: Md
Use Vcx Mc= Vdx Md Solve for Md
 Dilution
Make a diluted solution once you know Vc and Vd
Use a pipet to deliver a volume of the concentrated solution
to a new volumetric flask.
Add solvent to the line on the neck of the new flask.
Mix well.
 Practice
How many mL of 5.0 M K2Cr2O7 solution must
be diluted to prepare 250 mL of 0.10 M solution?

Vc = ? Mc = 5.0M Vd = 250 mL Md = 0.10M

If 10.0 mL of a 10.0 M stock solution of NaOH is
diluted to 250 mL, what is the concentration of
the resulting solution?
Md = ? Vc = 10.0 mL Mc = 10.0M Vd = 250 mL
 Solution Stoichiometry

Remember: reactions occur on a mole to mole basis.

For pure reactants, we measure reactants using
mass

For reactants that are added to a reaction as aqueous

solutions, we measure the reactants using volume of
solution.
 Solution Stoichiometry

grams Molar moles Molarity Vol

A mass A A Soln A

Molar
ratio

Molar Molarity
grams moles Vol
B mass B B Soln B
 Solution Stoichiometry Practice

If 25.0 mL of 2.5 M NaOH are needed to

neutralize (i.e. react completely with) a solution of
H3PO4, how many moles of H3PO4 were present
in the solution?
3NaOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) Na3PO4 (aq) + 3H2O(l)
Given: 25.0 mL 2.5 M NaOH
balanced eqn: 3 mol NaOH/1 mol H3PO4
Find: moles of H3PO4
 Approach

Molarity
moles Vol
NaOH NaOH NaOH
2.5 M (=mol/L) Soln
Molar
ratio 0.025 L NaOH soln
3 mol NaOH/1 mol H3PO4

moles 25.0 mL NaOH soln

H3PO4
1L 2.5 mol
Mol NaOH = 25.0 mL x x = 0.0625 mol NaOH
1000 mL 1L
 More practice
What mass of aluminum hydroxide is
needed to neutralize 12.5 mL of 0.50 M
sulfuric acid?
 Solution Stoichiometry

Solution stoichiometry can be used to

determine the concentration of aqueous
solutions used in reactions.

Concentration of an acid can be determined

using a process called titration.
reacting a known volume of the acid with a
known volume of a standard base solution
(i.e. a base whose concentration is known)
Titration
 Practice
If 35.50 mL of 2.5 M NaOH are needed to
neutralize 50.0 mL of an H3PO4 solution, what is
the concentration (molarity) of the H3PO4
solution?
3NaOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) Na3PO4 (aq) + 3H2O(l)

Given: 35.50 mL 2.5 M NaOH

50.0 mL of H3PO4 soln
Find: molarity (mol/L) H3PO4
Strategy: M = moles
L

To find the concentration of H3PO4 soln, we need

both # moles and volume of H3PO4.

Since volume is given, we can simply find moles

and plug into the equation for M.
 Plan

Molarity
moles Vol
NaOH NaOH NaOH
Soln
Molar
ratio

moles
H3PO4
Mol H3PO4 = 35.5 mL x 1L
1000 mL

x 2.50 mol NaOH x 1 mol H3PO4

1L 3 mol NaOH

= 0.0296 mol H3PO4

Were not done.we need
molarity.
 Molarity of H3PO4
Molarity = moles
L

= 0.0296 mol H3PO4 x 1000 mL

50.0 mL L

= 0.592 M H3PO4