Traffic Control: Eng - Ali Qatawneh

Traffic Control
Eng . Ali Qatawneh

OUTLINES
Introduction.
Traffic control.
Traffic control devices.
Traffic sign.
Marking.
Traffic signal.
Intersection control.
INTRODUCTION
Faculty of Engineering and Technology

University of Jordan
Each element that provides information to drivers is
part of the information system of the highway:
Formal sources of information are the traffic control

devices specifically designed to display information to
drivers.
Informal sources include such elements as roadway
and roadside design features, pavement joints, tree
lines, and traffic.
Together, the formal and informal sources provide the

information drivers need to drive safety and efficiently.
3
TRAFFIC CONTROL

Definition: Manage traffic flow by using different
devices and techniques.
Purpose:
To assign the ROW to driver(control road user)
To facilitate highway safety and reduce present and

future congestion
By ensuring the orderly and predictable movement of all

traffic on highway 4
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

Traffic Control Device TCD: a sign, signal,
marking, or other device used to regulate, warn, or
guide traffic, placed on, over, or adjacent to a
street, highway, pedestrian facility, or shared-use
path by authority of a public agency having
jurisdiction.**MUTCD
Traffic control devices provide guidance and

navigation information that often is not
otherwise available or apparent.
5
(CONT.)

To be fully effective, a TCD must
be(Requirements):
MART
Meaning
Time for
response
Attention
Respect
6
(CONT.)

To meet the four requirements listed previously
must be consider the following factors:
Design
Placement
Operation
Maintenance
Uniformity
7
(CONT.)

Traffic Sign.
Marking.
Traffic
Signal: any highway traffic signal
by which traffic is alternately directed to
stop and permitted to proceed.
8
FIRST: TRAFFIC SIGN

Sign:any traffic control device that is intended to
communicate specific information to road users through a
word or symbol legend..MUTCD
Traffic signs are signs erected at the side of or above

roads to give instructions, provide messages to road users
and provide guidance and navigation information that often
is not otherwise available or apparent.
Traffic signs can be grouped into several types with different

shapes, colors, symbols and words.
9
PRINCIPLES OF SIGNING

Continuity: once a place is first mentioned on a
sign, it must continue to be mentioned until that
place is reached.
Give full and correct information:
Names of towns
Route numbers
Street names
10
PRINCIPLES OF SIGNING (CONT.)

Provide orientation: e.g. distance to major towns
(distance signs can give confirmation that road
user is on correct route).
Clear instructions: e.g. avoid sign-posting one

place on more than one arm of a junction.
11
PRINCIPLES OF SIGNING (CONT.)

Avoid sign-posting in wrong direction: e.g. if place
located to east, avoid having sign-post pointing
west.
12
SIGN DESIGN

Every sign consists of three elements:
Legend or symbol.
Background.
Border.
Colors and Shapes of these elements vary with the:

Type of sign.
Particular sign.
Signing system of the country.
In general, it is desirable that:

Border contrasts with background.
Legend contrasts with background. 13
Red used on all regulatory signs and only on such signs.
SIGN DESIGN(CONT.)

Design of sign: **MART
High visibility by day and night(Location, size,
Color, reflectivity).
High legibility (adequately sized letters or
symbols, and a short legend for quick
comprehension by a road user approaching a
sign).**Lower case latter
When designing signs, two basic decisions are

necessary:
Location of sign.
Size of letters or size of symbol. 14
SIGN DESIGN (PIEV TIME)

The total time needed to perceive and complete a
reaction to a sign is the sum of the times
necessary for:
Perception,
Identification (understanding),
Emotion (decision making), and
Volition (execution of decision),
and is called the PIEV time.
**Necessary for warning sign design. 15

SIGN DESIGN (LOCATION AND
LETTER SIZE)

Signs should be located so that they:
Optimize nighttime visibility.
Minimize the effects of mud splatter and debris.
Do not obscure each other.
Not hidden from view.
****
16
SIGNS MAINTENANCE

All traffic signs should be kept properly positioned,
clean, and legible, and should have adequate
retroreflectivity.
Damaged or deteriorated signs should be replaced.
Steps should be taken to see that weeds, trees,

shrubbery, and construction, maintenance, and utility
materials and equipment do not obscure the face of any
sign.
A regular schedule of replacement of lighting elements

for illuminated signs should be maintained. 17
TYPES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS

Regulatory signs (Orders) give notice of traffic laws
or regulations and it may relate to ROW, speed limits,
lane usage, parking, or variety of other functions.
Warning signs give notice of a situation that might

not be readily apparent(hazard situation).
Guide signs (Information) show route designations,

destinations, directions, distances, services, points of
interest, and other geographical, recreational, or
cultural information(provide information to unfamiliar
road user).
18
19

nformation
TYPES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
arnings
rders
20

1.REGULATORY SIGNS
STOP SIGN

When a sign is used to indicate that traffic is always
required to stop (complete stop even if no other traffic is
present), a STOP sign shall be used.
The STOP sign shall be an octagon with a white legend and
border on a red background.
At intersections where a full stop is not necessary at all
times, consideration should be given to using less restrictive
measures such as YIELD signs
A STOP sign should not be installed on the major street
unless justified by a traffic engineering study.
The STOP sign shall be installed on the right side of the
approach to which it applies.
When the STOP sign is installed at this required location
and the sign visibility is restricted, a Stop Ahead sign shall
be installed in advance of the STOP sign. 21
YIELD SIGN

The YIELD sign shall be a downward-pointing
equilateral triangle with a wide red border and the
legend YIELD in red on a white background.
The YIELD sign assigns right-of-way to traffic on
certain approaches to an intersection.
Vehicles controlled by a YIELD sign need to slow down
or stop when necessary to avoid interfering with
conflicting traffic.
A YIELD sign shall be used to assign right-of-way at
the entrance to a roundabout intersection.
22
SPEED LIMIT SIGN

Road speed limits are used in most countries to set the
maximum (or minimum in some cases) speed at which
road vehicles may legally travel on particular stretches
of road.
23
OTHER REGULATORY SIGNS Red: NO

Include: Do not enter, one way, do not pass, Turn
Prohibition Signs (no left or U turn), Parking,
Standing, and Stopping Signs, ... Etc.
These are combinations of white, black and/or red.
24
2.WARNING SIGN

Warning signs call attention to unexpected conditions
or hazard on or adjacent to a highway or street and
to situations that might not be readily apparent to
road users.
All warning signs shall be diamond-shaped (square

with one diagonal vertical) with a black legend and
border on a yellow background unless specifically
designated otherwise(in some countries have an
equilateral triangle with a white background and a
thick red border).
25
Warning signs for Traffic signals
regulatory signs
General caution
Level crossings and intersections
Roundabouts/Rotaries
26
Road works or construction (often temporary)

Schools Dead End
Falling rocks
Bumpy Road
Road conditions 27
Lane starts and ends
28

29

3.GUIDE SIGN

Guide Sign a sign that shows route designations,
destinations, directions, distances, services, points of
interest, or other geographical, recreational, or cultural
informationMUTCD.
Guide signs are essential to direct road users along streets

and highways, to inform them of intersecting routes, to
direct them to cities, towns, villages, or other important
destinations, to identify nearby rivers and streams, parks,
forests, and historical sites, and generally to give such
information as will help them along their way in the most
simple, direct manner possible.
30
31

DESTINATION, DISTANCE AND STREET
NAME SIGNS (GREEN)
32

GENERAL SERVICE SIGNS (BLUE)
33

BROWN IS FOR RECREATIONAL AREAS
SECOND: MARKING

Markings on highways have important functions
in providing guidance and information for the
road user.
In some cases, markings are used to supplement

other traffic control devices such as signs,
signals and other markings.
In other instances, markings are used alone to

effectively convey regulations, guidance, or
warnings in ways not obtainable by the use of
other devices. 34
MARKING (CONT.)

Marking Limitations:
Visibility of the markings can be limited by snow,
debris, and water on or adjacent to the markings.
Marking durability is affected by material
characteristics, traffic volumes, weather, and
location.
Marking advantages:
No physical obstruction to traffic.
Low cost.
Ease to remove when require.
35
MARKING (FUNCTIONS)

Safety measures: Centre lines, Edge lines, Stop
lines, Yield lines, Zebra crossing approach
marking.
Directional measures: Lane lines, Ghost islands,

Directional arrows, Word marking.
Anti-congestion measures: Parking control lines,

Parking spaces, Loading restrictions, Box
junctions.
36
MARKING (CONT.)

The more emphatic the marking, the greater the
hazard or restriction.
Materials(most common):
Paint: supplemented by glass beads to reflectorize.
Hot-applied thermo-plastic: sprayed onto the surface,
also reflectorized.
Reflectorized road-studs: e.g. cats-eyes used to
supplement road lines.
Types of marking:
Longitudinal marking.
Transverse marking. 37
Object markers and delineators.
MARKING (LINE)

A double line indicates maximum or special
restrictions.
A solid line discourages or prohibits crossing

(depending on the specific application).
A broken line indicates a permissive condition.
A dotted line provides guidance.
38
MARKING (COLOR)

When used, white markings for longitudinal lines
shall delineate:
The separation of traffic flows in the same direction.
The right edge of the roadway.
When used, yellow markings for longitudinal lines

shall delineate:
The separation of traffic traveling in opposite
directions.
The left edge of the roadways of divided and one-way
highways and ramps.
The separation of two-way left turn lanes and
reversible lanes from other lanes. 39
MARKING (COLOR) CONT.

When used, red raised pavement markers shall
delineate roadways that shall not be entered or used.
When used, blue markings shall supplement white

markings for parking spaces for persons with
disabilities. When used, blue raised pavement
markers shall indicate locations of fire hydrants
along a roadway.
40
LONGITUDINAL LINES

Parallel to the direction of travel.
Involve:
Centerlines.
Lane lines.
Pavement edge lines.
Provide guidance for the placement of vehicles on the

traveled way cross section.
41
LONGITUDINAL LINES (CONT.)

A normal line is 100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 in) wide.
A wide line is at least twice the width of a normal line.
The width of the line indicates the degree of emphasis.
A double line consists of two parallel lines separated by
a discernible space.
A broken line consists of normal line segments
separated by gaps.
A dotted line shall consist of noticeably shorter line

segments separated by shorter gaps than used for a
broken line. 42
43

44

45

Application
Reversible
Marking
Lane
46

47

OBJECTS MARKINGS

Pavement markings shall
be used to guide traffic
away from fixed
obstructions within a
paved roadway.
Obstruction include:
bridge abutments, trees,
islands, signal support,
..etc.
48
TRANSVERSE MARKINGS

Marking that cuts across a portion of all of the traveled way.
Transverse markings, which include shoulder markings, word

and symbol markings, stop lines, yield lines, crosswalk lines,
speed measurement markings, speed hump markings,
parking space markings, and others, shall be white.
49
STOP AND YIELD LINES

If used, stop lines shall
consist of solid white lines
extending across approach
lanes to indicate the point at
which the stop is intended or
required to be made.
If used, yield lines shall

consist of a row of solid white
isosceles triangles pointing
toward approaching vehicles
extending across approach
lanes to indicate the point at
which the yield is intended or
required to be made.
50
CROSSWALKS
White crosswalks are marked in several different ways.

Standard crosswalks with two lines, depend on streets
and lights.
Bold markings are used for increased visibility.
Zebra markings are to tell drivers to yield.
51
PREFERENTIAL LANE WORD AND SYMBOL
MARKINGS

When a lane is assigned full or part time to a particular
class of vehicles, preferential lane markings shall be used.
HOV- high-occupancy vehicle lanes.
Bicycle lane.
Bus only lane.
Taxi only lane.
Light rail transit lane.
52
MARKINGS FOR ROUNDABOUT
INTERSECTIONS

Roundabout intersections are distinctive circular
roadways that have the following three critical
characteristics:
A requirement to yield at entry which gives a
vehicle on the circular roadway the right-of-way;
A deflection of the approaching vehicle around
the central island; and
A flare or widening of the approach to allow for
proper operation as needed.
53
54

55

THIRD: TRAFFIC SIGNAL

First traffic signal: in London in
1868, which incorporated
semaphore arms and red and
green lights illuminated by gas.
56
TRAFFIC SIGNAL (CONT.)

Electrically-controlled traffic signal device: in
Cleveland. Ohio in 1914, the basis of modern
traffic signal.
57
TRAFFIC SIGNAL (CONT.)

First modern type of signal: in Wolverhampton in
1926.
58
MART
TRAFFIC SIGNAL (TYPES)

Pre-timed: fixed time.
Semi-actuated: provide green time to the major

street until detectors on minor street approaches
actuate demand for signal. Provide min. and max.
green for minor and min. green for major.
Fully-actuated: detectors on all approaches, min.

and max. time on all approaches.
Volume-density: green time and cycle length re-

adjusted according to volume and density. 59
TRAFFIC SIGNAL (COLORS)

Red: (always stop ) Come to complete stop at stop
line or before crosswalk or intersection.
YELLOW: (caution ) Stop if you can do so safely,

the light will soon be red.
Green: (you may go) Go, but only if intersection is

clear.
60
TRAFFIC SIGNAL (ADVANTAGES)

Orderly movement of traffic.
Reduce the frequency of right-angle and pedestrian

accidents( More safety).
Continuous movement of traffic if co-ordinated.
Provide gaps for crossing traffic or pedestrian.
Economy (replace interchanges).
At day, night and different weather signals have 61

standard indications which driver can easily follow.
TRAFFIC SIGNAL (DISADVANTAGES)

Increase total vehicle delay at intersection
(especially during off-peak hours).
Caused unnecessary delay when improperly located

and/or timed.
Increase in the frequency of rear-end collisions.
Not capable of granting ROW to emergency

vehicles.
62
63

INTERSECTION CONTROL
CONFLICT POINTS

Conflicts occur when traffic streams moving in
different directions interfere with each other.
The three types of conflicts: merging, diverging,

and crossing.
The number of possible conflict points at any

intersection depends on:
Number of approaches.
Turning movements.
Type of traffic control at the intersection.
64
CONFLICT POINTS

The primary objective in the design of a traffic-
control system at an intersection is to reduce the
number of significant conflict points.
Factors that influence the significance of a

conflict include:
Type of conflict.
Number of vehicles in each conflicting stream.
Speeds of the vehicles in those streams.
Crossing conflicts tend to have the most severe

effect on traffic flow and should be reduced to a
minimum whenever possible. 65
**Garber,
Page 333

Four-approach
unsignalized
intersection. There
are 32 conflict points
in this case.
66
TYPES OF INTERSECTION CONTROL

Yield sign, Stop sign, Multi stop sign, Intersection
channelization, and Traffic signal.
The choice of one of these methods depends on:

Type of intersection.
Volume of traffic in each of the conflicting streams.
67
1.YIELD SIGN

Slow down and give the right of way to all
conflicting vehicles.
Stopping is not mandatory.
Usually placed on minor road approaches( Give

right of way to major road).
Warrants:
The approach speed on the minor road.
At intersection where there is a separate or
channelized right- turn without adequate 68
acceleration lane.
2.STOP SIGN

Required to stop before entering the intersection.
Should be used only when they are warranted, since the

use of these signs results in considerable inconvenience
to motorists.
Should not be used at signalized intersections or on

through roadways of expressways.
Warrants:
On a minor road when it intersects a major road.
At an unsignalized intersection.
Where a combination of high speed, restricted view, and 69
serious crashes.
3.MULTIWAY STOP SIGN

Require that all vehicles approaching the
intersection stop before entering it.
Warrants:
When the traffic volumes on all of the approaches
are approximately equal.
When five or more crashes occur at an intersection
in a 12-month period.
70
3.MULTIWAY STOP SIGN(CONT.)

The volume warrants for this control specify that the total
volume on both major street approaches should not be less
than 300 veh/h for any eight hours of an average day,
nor should the combined volume of vehicles and pedestrians
from the minor approaches be less than 200 units/h for the
same eight hours.
The average delay of the vehicles on the minor street should

also be not less than 30 sec/veh during the maximum
hour.
The minimum requirement for vehicular volume can be

reduced by 30 percent if the 85th-percentile approach speed
on the major approach is greater than 40 mi/h.
If none of the safety or volume criteria is fully met, but each

satisfies 80 percent of the minimum requirement, the
installation of a multiway stop sign is justified. 71
4.INTERSECTION CHANNELIZATION

Mainly to separate turn lanes from through lanes.
Consists of solid white lines or raised barriers.
Guidelines for the use of channels at intersections:

Laying out islands or channel lines to allow a
natural, convenient flow of traffic.
Avoiding confusion by using a few well-located
islands.
Providing adequate radii of curves and widths of
lanes for the prevailing type of vehicle. 72
5.TRAFFIC SIGNALS

One of the most effective ways of controlling traffic
at an intersection.
When traffic volume is high the use of traffic signal

is recommended.
Used to eliminate many conflicts(different traffic

streams can be assigned the use of the intersection
at different times).
Used only when necessary (results in a delay

73
sometimes).
5.TRAFFIC SIGNALS(CONT.)

Warrants:
Warrant 1, Eight-hour vehicular volume
Warrant 2, Four-hour vehicular volume
Warrant 3, Peak hour
Warrant 4, Pedestrian volume
Warrant 5, School crossing
Warrant 6, Coordinated signal system
Warrant 7, Crash experience
Warrant 8, Roadway network

Professional
judgment based on
74
experience
University of Jordan Faculty of
Engineering and Technology
75
**MUTCD
University of Jordan Faculty of
Engineering and Technology
76
**MUTCD
SIGNS COLOR

GREEN: Guide, directional information
RED: Stop, yield, do not enter, or wrong way
BLUE: Motorist services guidance. Also used to identify

parking spaces for drivers with disabilities
ORANGE: Construction and maintenance warning
BROWN: Public recreation areas and scenic guidance
YELLOW: General warning
WHITE: Regulatory
BLACK: Regulatory 77
References

2003. Federal Highway Administration. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. Chapter 1,2,3, and 4.
2010. 4th Edition. Garber,N. and Hoel,L. Traffic and Highway Engineering. Chapter 8.
2001. 4th Edition. Washington, D.C. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
Page 49.
Roger P. Ross and Elena S. Parassas and William R. McShane. Traffic Engineering. Pages 60-65.
Prof. Khair Jadaan. Lecture Note of Advanced Traffic Engineering.
www.ecu.edu/.../3-sign-signals-and-markings.ppt.
www.faptflorida.org/...PowerPoints/5-Traffic.
WIKIPEDIA Website:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_sign.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_sign.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_sign.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_sign.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warning_sign.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_surface_marking. 78

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Traffic Control

Eng . Ali Qatawneh

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Formal sources of information are the traffic control

Together, the formal and informal sources provide the

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

To assign the ROW to driver(control road user)

To facilitate highway safety and reduce present and

By ensuring the orderly and predictable movement of all

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Traffic control devices provide guidance and

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Traffic signs are signs erected at the side of or above

Traffic signs can be grouped into several types with different

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Give full and correct information:

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Clear instructions: e.g. avoid sign-posting one

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Colors and Shapes of these elements vary with the:

In general, it is desirable that:

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

When designing signs, two basic decisions are

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

and is called the PIEV time.

**Necessary for warning sign design. 15

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Damaged or deteriorated signs should be replaced.

Steps should be taken to see that weeds, trees,

A regular schedule of replacement of lighting elements

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Warning signs give notice of a situation that might

Guide signs (Information) show route designations,

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

All warning signs shall be diamond-shaped (square

Level crossings and intersections

Road works or construction (often temporary)

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Guide signs are essential to direct road users along streets

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

In some cases, markings are used to supplement

In other instances, markings are used alone to

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Directional measures: Lane lines, Ghost islands,

Anti-congestion measures: Parking control lines,

Faculty of Engineering and Technology