Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 47

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY

IMPLEMENTATION OF SINGLE PHASE


SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER FOR NONLINE
LOADS

Guided by: Prepared by:


Prof. H. R. JARIWALA Bhargav Pandya
(PSP15018)
CONTENTS

Introduction
Power Quality
Results
Conclusion
Reference
INTRODUCTION

Power Quality is an important issue for electricity consumers at all levels of


usage, particularly industries and the services sector.

We extensively use sensitive power electronic equipment and non-linear


loads these days in industry, commercial and domestic applications

These devices were primordially developed to increase the energy efficiency


and the controllability of advanced production processes, but since they
produce harmonics, these devices are now responsible for extra energy
losses and bad operation of the electrical distribution system and its
components.

The Filters are a good solution, they can solve harmonic current problems,
and also compensate the power factor.
POWER QUALITY
Power Quality refers to maintaining the near sinusoidal waveform of
power distribution bus voltages and currents at rated magnitude and
frequency.

Power distortion occurs due to the nonlinear load which draws non-
sinusoidal currents from the system.

Adjustable-speed motor drives (ASDs), electronic power supplies, direct


current (DC) motor drives, battery chargers, electronic ballasts are
responsible for the rise in related PQ problem.
Harmonics
Harmonic refers to a component of a waveform that occurs at an integer
multiple of the fundamental frequency.

Harmonics are a mathematical way of describing distortion to a voltage or


current waveform.

Nonlinear loads are constructed by nonlinear devices, in which the current is


not proportional to the applied voltage. Due to nonlinear load current and
voltage have waveforms that are nonsinusoidal, containing distortions,
whereby the 50-Hz waveform has numerous additional waveforms
superimposed upon it, creating multiple frequencies within the normal 50-
Hz sine wave.
Source of Harmonics
Switched mode power supplies (SMPS)
Electronic fluorescent lighting ballasts
Variable speed drives (VSDs)
Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
Magnetic-cored devices
The main sources of harmonic current are at present the phase angle
controlled rectifiers and inverters.

Typical harmonics for various converters


Harmonics effects

Harmonics effects On motors:


Voltage supplied to a motor sets up magnetic fields in the core, which create
iron losses in the magnetic frame of the motor. Hysteresis and eddy current
losses are part of iron losses that are produced in the core due to the alternating
magnetic field. Hysteresis losses are proportional to frequency, and eddy
current losses vary as the square of the frequency. Therefore, higher
frequency voltage components produce additional losses in the core of AC
motors, which in turn, increase the operating temperature.

non-sinusoidal voltages to motors results in harmonic current circulation in


the windings of motors.
Positive sequence harmonics (harmonic numbers 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, etc.)
produce magnetic fields and currents rotating in the same direction as the
fundamental frequency.

Negative sequence harmonics (harmonic numbers 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, etc.)


Develop magnetic fields and currents that rotate in a direction opposite to
the positive frequency set

Zero sequence harmonics (harmonic numbers 3, 9, 15, 21, etc.) Do not


develop usable torque, but produce additional losses in the machine
Harmonics effects On transformers:
Excessive neutral current, resulting in overheated neutrals. The odd third
harmonics in three phase wye circuits are actually adaptive in the neutral.
This is because the harmonic number multiplied by the 120 degree phase
shift between phases is an integer multiple of 360 degrees. This puts the
harmonics from each of the three phase legs in-phase with each other in
the neutral.

Application of nonsinusoidal excitation voltages to transformers increase the


iron losses in the magnetic core of the transformer in much the same way as
in a motor. The eddy current losses increase as the square of the current in
the conductor and the square of its frequency
Harmonics effects On Capacitors banks:
Many industrial and commercial electrical systems have capacitors installed
to offset the effect of low power factor. Most capacitors are designed to
operate at a maximum of 110% of rated voltage and at 135% of their kVAR
ratings. Due to large voltage or current harmonics, resulting in capacitor
bank failures (Blown fuses).

capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to frequency, unfiltered


harmonic currents in the power system find their way into capacitor banks,
Due to Complex impedance these banks act like a sink, attracting
harmonic currents, thereby becoming overloaded.

Typically 10% increase in voltage will results in 7 % increase in temperature.


Total Harmonic Distortion
Harmonics are expressed in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD).
THD applies to both current and voltage
THD is defined as the root-mean-square (rms) value of harmonics divided
by the rms value of the fundamental, and then multiplied by 100% as
shown in the following equation

THD of voltage is usually less than 5%. Voltage THDs below 5% are
widely considered to be acceptable, while values above 10% are definitely
unacceptable and will cause problems for sensitive equipment and loads.
Harmonic Mitigation Approaches
To reduce current harmonics there are to two main methods :

1. Ones that aim to reduce the contribution of current harmonics from the
non-linear loads by modifying the front end of the equipment with multi-
pulse converters

2. The second ones that aim to eliminate or mitigate the propagation of the
harmonics from a the point of harmonic source using filter.

Passive filters

Active filters

Hybrid filters
Characteristic AC Supply Line Harmonic Currents in 6-, 12-, 18-,

and 24- Pulse Rectifiers


Harmonic Order Rectifier System Pulse
n Number, q
6 12 18 24
5 x
7 x
11 x x
13 x x
17 x x
19 x x
23 x x x
25 x x x
29 x
31 x
35 x x x
37 x x x
Two types of rectifier are paralleled with equal line current,
this alternates pair of harmonics will cancel in common source
path

No. of parallel Phase Shift Pulse


rectifier Angle
connected
2 30 12

3 20 18

4 15 24
Passive Filters
The passive filter is also known to cause resonance, thus affecting the stability
of the power distribution systems.

Series filter :-This filter is a current rejecter.


Parallel filter-This filters is a current acceptor Based on the components used
to build the passive filter, there are the following types:
1. A Band-pass filter
2. A High-pass filter
3. A C-type filter
Tuned passive filter
the tuned passive filters work based on the principle of providing and
alternative branch that would trap the harmonic to be eliminated. The
impedance of the filter has to be significantly lower than the source
impedance.

A tuned harmonic filter is typically composed of an inductor in series with


a capacitor

= | + 2 1/ 2

= 0

= 1/2( )
A Band-pass filter: Its a common passive filter that is built using a capacitor
connected in series with a resistor.

A High-pass filter : It has a resistor connected in parallel with a reactor. This


helps in reducing the q value of the filter, which will in turn help reduce the
higher frequencies. High-pass filter when used in combination with a band-
pass filter will provide a solution for medium voltage and sub-transmission
voltage networks.

A C-type filter: Is used for complex loads, cycloconverters and electric arc
furnaces.This filter will provide the load with reactive power and avoid
forming parallel resonance circuits with the load.
Advantages of passive filter:

More economical to implement than condensers.

The well-designed passive filter can be implemented in large size of KVR


ratting.

It provides maintenance free service.

A single time installation can compensate reactive power, improvement of

power factor, reducing THD.


Disadvantages of passive filter:
The tuned passive filters create new system resonance .

The passive component having tolerance value. Passive component are


affected to aging, temperature which may increase the designed tolerance.

Single tuned or double tuned filters are not possible to be employed for
certain loads like cycloconverter or power system has interred harmonics.

The design may require increasing the size of the filter to control THD.
This may rise to over voltage when the bank is switched in and under
voltage when these are switched out.
Selection of the Harmonic Filter
The selection of a harmonic filter must be based on the following:
KVA requirements of the load
Harmonic profile of the load current
Harmonic factor of the neutral current
Configuration of the existing or proposed system.
Active Filtering of Harmonic
Active Filter suppress not only the supply current harmonics, but
also the reactive currents. Moreover, unlike passive filters, they do
not cause harmful resonances.
APF different configurations in the block diagram:
Drawbacks of APF
An unfavorable but inseparable feature of APF is the necessity of fast
switching of high currents in the power circuit of the APF.

This results in a high frequency noise that may cause an electromagnetic


interference (EMI) in the power distribution systems
Series Active Power Filter
The operation principle of series APF is based on isolation of the
harmonics in between the nonlinear load and the source

This is obtained by the injection of harmonic voltages (vf) across the


interfacing transformer.

Injected harmonic voltages are added/ subtracted, to/from the source


voltage to maintain a pure sinusoidal voltage waveform across the
nonlinear load.

That is, no current harmonics can flow from nonlinear load to source,
and vice versa.
main advantage of series APFs over shunt one is that they are ideal for
voltage harmonics elimination.
Shunt Active Power Filter
The principle of the shunt filter is to produce

harmonic currents equal in magnitude but opposite

in-phase to those harmonics that are present in the

grid.

Phase shift of the harmonic current is 180 degrees.

SAPF is a closed loop structure

SAPF can compensate reactive power and can also

mitigate harmonics and distortions.

I(comp) = I(load) - I(source)


SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER
The shunt-connected active power filter, with a self-controlled dc bus, has a
topology similar to that of a static compensator (STATCOM) used for
reactive power compensation in power transmission systems. Shunt active
power filters compensate load current harmonics by injecting equal-but
opposite harmonic compensating current. In this case the shunt active
power filter operates as a current source injecting the harmonic components
generated by the load but phase shifted by 180.shows how the active filter
works to compensate the load harmonic currents.
Different blocks in SAPF
PWM Converter

Instantaneous power calculation block

Reference currents calculation block

DC voltage regulator

Hysteresis Controller
Control Methods
Hysteresis Controller

The method of controlling a VSC in such a way that the output current will
be generated based on reference current values.

A reference value is kept and is compared with the two input of the
controller.

Based on the error between the 2 inputs and the reference value, signals are
generated.
Hysteresis Current Control Technique(HCC)
Instantaneous Power Calculation(p-q theory)
The system terminal voltages are given as:

and the respective load current are given as;

Assuming that this current is the phase a current, in a three-phase


equilibrated system, and then the corresponding b and c phase currents can
be represented by following equation
These phasors can be transformed into - coordinates using Clarkes
transformation as follows:

Where and axes are the orthogonal coordinates . Conventional


instantaneous power for three phase circuit can be defined as :
Where p is equal to conventional equation:

Similarly , the instantaneous reactive power is defined as:

matrix form:

The - currents can be obtained as


Instantaneous active and reactive powers p and q can be decomposed into an
average(dc) and oscillatory

Therefore the reference compensating currents and in - coordinate can be


expressed as
: Mean value of Instantaneous real power that is transferred from source to load in a balanced
way through a-b-c coordinates. This is the fundamental energy source to load.

: Alternating value of Instantaneous real power which is exchanged between power source and
load. As this not contribute in energy transfer, this component must be compensated. This is due to
harmonic currents.

:"Mean value of Instantaneous Imaginary power exchanged between source and load. Choice of
compensation of this power depends upon requirements. This is due to fundamental reactive
current".

: Average value of instantaneous imaginary power exchanged between phases and load. This is
also must be compensated.
These currents can be transformed in abc quantities to find reference currents
in a-b-c coordinates using reverse Clarkes transformation

The compensation current in the a-b-c reference frame is determined by


P-Q Controller and Flow Chart
Mean Power theory

Block diagram of Mean Power theory


DC Voltage Regulator
It consists of a energy storage element such as Capacitor.
Main aim of having a capacitor is to supply real power difference between
load and source during the transient periods
DC link voltage is compared with a reference DC link voltage and passed
through a PI controller
DC link voltage can be expressed as:

Kp=proportional Gain
Ki=integral gains
Matlab Simulation &
Result
Source voltage 230v

Grid frequency f 60 Hz

RL load 10,50mH

DC link ref voltage 200v

DC Capacitor(SAPF) 4700F

Constant DC voltage 120 V

Sampling frequency 1e-4

HCC HCC BAND 0.1


Single Phase SAPF
Mean power Control Scheme
Results of MPT

Load Current without APF Load Current with APF


Hysteresis Controller
Compensation Currents Calculation block
Results of HCC

Load Current with APF


Load Current without APF
CONCLUSIONS
The results obtained through computer simulation for the two different
control theories used in the single-phase Shunt Active Power Filter, proved
to be very similar. These two presented theories showed to be able to
compensate the harmonic currents.]
As shown in simulation result without APF load current contains more than
21% THD, as APF introduced in the system THD reduces to less than
11.47% for two different control theory.
REFERENCES

J. Arrillaga, M.H.J. Bollen, and N.R. Watson, Power quality following


deregulation, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 246261, Feb.
2000.
D. Rivas, L. Moran, J. Dixon, and J. Espinoza, A simple control scheme
for hybrid active power filters, IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib. vol.
149, no.4, pp. 485-490, 2002.
S. Bhattacharya, P. T. Cheng, and D. M. Divan, Hybrid solutions for
improving passive filter performance in high power applications, IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol.33. no.3, pp. 732-747, 1997.
R. D. Patidar and S. P. Singh, A Single-Phase Hybrid Filter To Improve
Power Quality, XXXII NATIONAL SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, NSC
2008, December 17-19, 2008

Вам также может понравиться