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Introduction
Power Quality
Results
Conclusion
Reference
INTRODUCTION
The Filters are a good solution, they can solve harmonic current problems,
and also compensate the power factor.
POWER QUALITY
Power Quality refers to maintaining the near sinusoidal waveform of
power distribution bus voltages and currents at rated magnitude and
frequency.
Power distortion occurs due to the nonlinear load which draws non-
sinusoidal currents from the system.
THD of voltage is usually less than 5%. Voltage THDs below 5% are
widely considered to be acceptable, while values above 10% are definitely
unacceptable and will cause problems for sensitive equipment and loads.
Harmonic Mitigation Approaches
To reduce current harmonics there are to two main methods :
1. Ones that aim to reduce the contribution of current harmonics from the
non-linear loads by modifying the front end of the equipment with multi-
pulse converters
2. The second ones that aim to eliminate or mitigate the propagation of the
harmonics from a the point of harmonic source using filter.
Passive filters
Active filters
Hybrid filters
Characteristic AC Supply Line Harmonic Currents in 6-, 12-, 18-,
3 20 18
4 15 24
Passive Filters
The passive filter is also known to cause resonance, thus affecting the stability
of the power distribution systems.
= | + 2 1/ 2
= 0
= 1/2( )
A Band-pass filter: Its a common passive filter that is built using a capacitor
connected in series with a resistor.
A C-type filter: Is used for complex loads, cycloconverters and electric arc
furnaces.This filter will provide the load with reactive power and avoid
forming parallel resonance circuits with the load.
Advantages of passive filter:
Single tuned or double tuned filters are not possible to be employed for
certain loads like cycloconverter or power system has interred harmonics.
The design may require increasing the size of the filter to control THD.
This may rise to over voltage when the bank is switched in and under
voltage when these are switched out.
Selection of the Harmonic Filter
The selection of a harmonic filter must be based on the following:
KVA requirements of the load
Harmonic profile of the load current
Harmonic factor of the neutral current
Configuration of the existing or proposed system.
Active Filtering of Harmonic
Active Filter suppress not only the supply current harmonics, but
also the reactive currents. Moreover, unlike passive filters, they do
not cause harmful resonances.
APF different configurations in the block diagram:
Drawbacks of APF
An unfavorable but inseparable feature of APF is the necessity of fast
switching of high currents in the power circuit of the APF.
That is, no current harmonics can flow from nonlinear load to source,
and vice versa.
main advantage of series APFs over shunt one is that they are ideal for
voltage harmonics elimination.
Shunt Active Power Filter
The principle of the shunt filter is to produce
grid.
DC voltage regulator
Hysteresis Controller
Control Methods
Hysteresis Controller
The method of controlling a VSC in such a way that the output current will
be generated based on reference current values.
A reference value is kept and is compared with the two input of the
controller.
Based on the error between the 2 inputs and the reference value, signals are
generated.
Hysteresis Current Control Technique(HCC)
Instantaneous Power Calculation(p-q theory)
The system terminal voltages are given as:
matrix form:
: Alternating value of Instantaneous real power which is exchanged between power source and
load. As this not contribute in energy transfer, this component must be compensated. This is due to
harmonic currents.
:"Mean value of Instantaneous Imaginary power exchanged between source and load. Choice of
compensation of this power depends upon requirements. This is due to fundamental reactive
current".
: Average value of instantaneous imaginary power exchanged between phases and load. This is
also must be compensated.
These currents can be transformed in abc quantities to find reference currents
in a-b-c coordinates using reverse Clarkes transformation
Kp=proportional Gain
Ki=integral gains
Matlab Simulation &
Result
Source voltage 230v
Grid frequency f 60 Hz
RL load 10,50mH
DC Capacitor(SAPF) 4700F