THE

DEVELOPMENT OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE
STUDY AND
RESEARCH

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 Revolutions, Social Change And The
Rise Of Modern Social Sciences

In the 18th and 19th

French Revolution
centuries, two big (1789- 1799)
revolutions changed not
only the way society was Industrial Revolution
perceived, but societies (1760- 1840)
themselves transformed
in Europe, and later on, in
the rest of the world.

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 Libert, Egalit,
Fraternit

FRENCH REVOLUTION
Known as one of the bloodiest in the
modern history
Causes: economic, social, and political problems that plaqued
France
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CAUSES
Monarchys absolute control over the people

Economic crisis in France

- A by- product of King Louis XVIs poor governance

Widening gap between the rich and the poor

- Clergy, nobility, and the masses

Rise of enlightenment ideas

- Criticized the absolute power of the Church and the monarchy

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 FRENCH REVOLUTION

Royal coffers Controller general, Bastille, start of the

depleted, poor cereal Charles Alexandre French Revolution
harvests, drought, de Callone (1786), Great Fear (La
cattle disease, financial reform Grande Peur)
skyrocketing bread package
prices, imposed Exodus of the
Rise of the Third nobles, abolishment
heavy taxes Estate of feudalism (Aug.
Rioting, looting, and June 17, 1614, 4, 1789)
striking National Assembly Declaration of the
Over 17, 000 people Tennis Court Oath Rights of Man and
officially tried and of the Citizen
executed

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 FRENCH REVOLUTION

Divide of the assembly Bloody Reign of

Girondins and Terror, 1793, 15,000
Jacobins in the guillotine

January 21, 1793, King July 1794, Robespierre

Louis XVI was was arrested and
condemned to death, executed himself
Marie- Antoinette
followed 1795, rise of Napoleon
Bonaparte, end of the
Maximilien Robespierre French Revolution

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CONSEQUENCES
Empowerment of the working class

Weakening of the ecclesiastical and monarchical power

Created new forms of understanding and meaning

making
- Age old systems and mechanisms were toppled down
- Montesquieu, Lafayette, Robespierre, and Condorcet

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* They became the intellectual
voices that criticized the French
system of goverment, arguing
that a reformation of the
monarchy was needed such that it
would be based on the constitution
rather than on the Churchs
dictates.

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 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Non violent source of social change
A shift from human labor dependence to machine dependence
- manufactured products and surplus production

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 Steam- based printing press
was invented and introduced
Mechanized forms of farming
were implemented

*This shook the traditional social

structures and created new social
classes that were based on a
democratic- capitalist orientation
- rise of the middle class

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 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL
THINKERS IN THE WEST

Thomas Malthus
growth of population, unless checked, would be faster than
what the industries could produce

Adam Smith
intensification of production of goods which must not be
restrained by government policies

John Stuart Mill

free market will only favor the ruling elite and would severely
oppress the working class who are manning the industries
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 *These theorists promoted the
interrogation of the social
conditions of their time using
logical and scientific approaches,
the key elements in the
development of the social sciences.

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 With the wide ranging
social upheavals that the
French and the Industrial
revolutions spawned, gaps
in knowledge and systems
of understanding persisted
and created the need to
develop new methods of
analysis and modes of
inquiries.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
STUDY AND RESEARCH

Early 1800s, social science was used as a

term by William Thompson, an Irish
political and philosophical writer

An Inquiry into the Principles of the

Distribution of Wealth Most Conducive to
Human Happiness; Applied to the Newly
Proposed System of Voluntary Equality of
Wealth (1824)
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*In response to the growing arguments on
economic and social development of his
time
[Karl Marx & Adam Smith]

*Thompson proposed a social science which

is utilitarian in approach to materialism

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 With economic and technological progress, the
population of Europe doubled, which resulted in tension
between food supply and population ratio

THOMAS MALTHUS Population, if

(1766-1834)
left unchecked,
Essay on the Principle of would increase
Population (1798)
immensely and
This tension is a would pose
significant threat to the problems to the
balance between
resources and
distribution of
population finite resources.
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 In the light of mechanized production of goods in creating
surplus and profit, the Industrial revolution influenced the
rise of capitalism as the dominant form of economy.

Once rural-based KARL MARX The Communist

economies of (1818- 1883) Manifesto (1848)
Europe shifted to
German
urban centers of Das Kapital
philosopher
production (1867)
Unjust treatment
Marked a mass of the working
migration class and the
rise of slums, need for social
congestion, and poor reform
working conditions

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 Technical
specialization
inhibited workers
from using their full
ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE mental capacity.
(1805-1859)
Critique on the impact of He opposed the
technological development impact of
during the Industrial technological
Revolution advancement on
Technology deprived the grounds of
humans of creativity and ethic, human
freedom, as they were psyche, and
made appendages to beauty.
machines in assembly lines.
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