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Профессиональный Документы
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investigation of phenomena
which includes the collection,
presentation, analysis and
interpretation of facts that link
mans speculation with reality.
- Professionalism
-Accountability
-Social Relevance of
Research
-Research and Decision
Making
The Consumer-Producer Continuum of Research
- Consumers
-Producers
-In Between
- Tradition
- Authority
-Logical Reasoning
-Disciplined Research
Ontologic Assumption
(What is the nature of reality?)
Positivists Paradigm
- Reality exists; there is a real
world driven by natural causes.
Naturalistic Paradigm
-Reality is multiple and subjective,
mentally constructed by
individuals.
Epistemologic Assumption
(How is the inquirer related to those being
researched?)
Positivist Paradigm
-Inquirer is independent from those being
researched; the findings as not influenced
by the researcher.
Naturalist Paradigm
-The inquirer interacts with those being
researched; finding are the creation of the
interactive process.
Axiologic Assumption
(What is the role of values in the inquiry?)
Positivist Paradigm
-Values and biases are to be held in check;
objectivity is sought.
Naturalistic Paradigm
-Subjectivity and values are inevitable and
desirable.
Methodologic Assumption
(How is knowledge obtained?)
Positivist Paradigm
-Deductive processes
-Emphasis on discrete, specific concepts
-Verification of researchers hunches
-Fixed design
-Tight controls over contexts
-Emphasis on measured, quantitative information; statistical
analysis
-Seeks Generalization
Naturalistic Paradigm
-Inductive Processes
-Emphasis on entirety of some phenomenon, holisitc
-Emerging interpretations grounded in participants
experiences
-Flexible Design
-Emphasis on Narrative information, qualitative analysis
-Seeks patterns
Quantitative Research is the investigation of
phenomena that lead themselves to precise
measurements and quantification, often
involving a rigorous and controlled design.
Exploration What factors are related to the What is the full nature of the
phenomenon? phenomenon?
What are the antecedents of the What is really going on here?
phenomenon? What is the process by which the
phenomenon evolves or is
experienced?
Explanation What are the measurable How does the phenomenon work?
associations between phenomena? Why does the phenomenon exist?
What factors caused the What is the meaning of the
phenomenon? phenomenon?
Does the theory explain the How did the phenomenon occur?
phenomenon?
Purpose Types of Questions: Types of Questions:
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Term Example
Aims or objectives This study seeks to accomplish the following objectives: (1) to develop and
implement two alternative procedures for administering antiemetic therapy for
patients receiving moderate emetogenic chemotherapy (patient controlled
versus nurse controlled); (2) to test three hypotheses concerning the relative
effectiveness of the alternative procedures on medication consumption and
control of side effects; and (30 to use the findings to develop
recommendations for possible changes to therapeutic procedures.
Examples of Research Questions From the Research Literature
Quantitative Studies
Qualitative Studies
How do recently graduated nurses describe Perceptions of nursing care provided to culturally
nursing care provided to culturally diverse clints diverse clients
in hospital settings? (Kirkham, 1998)
Among those responsible for selecting a nursing
home for an elderly family member or friend, why
and how does the decision to institutionalize get
ade? (McAuley, Travis, & Safewright, 1997)
Examples of Simple and Complex Hypotheses
-Experiences
-Literature- published research
reports
-Social Issues
-Theory