TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

STREET NETWORK AND CONNECTIVITY

With respect to their traffic function, there are
four functional classification of urban streets:
Principal arterials
Minor arterials
Collector Streets
Local Streets
 Principal arterials should be located every 4.83 to
6.44 km
Minor arterials should be spaced at around 1.61
km interval from other arterials
Collector atreet should be spaced roughly 0.8 km
from arterials
Local streets complete the networks, with a block
spacing appropriate to the land use-typically 91.4
to 152.4 meters in business districts and 76.2 to
182.9 meters in residential neighbourhood
 STREET CONNECTIVITY
Street connectivity can be defined as the
quantity and quality of connections in the
street network.
 Connectivity Standards
In United States there are two techniques to
establish street connectivity standards: block
length requirements or connectivity indexes
 Block Length Standard
Cities control the spacing between local street
 Connectivity Index
A connectivity index is the ratio of the number
of links to the number of nodes in the
network. Links are street segments, while
nodes are intersections
 Traffic Calming
Traffic calming is the combination of mainly
physical measures that reduces the negative
effects of motor vehicle use, alter driver
behaviour, and improve condition for
nonmotorized street users
 PEDESTRIAN
Pedestrian friendly street are designed to be
more accomodating to pedestrian traffic than
are conventionally designed street
Pedestrian traffic includes bicyclists, the
physically handicapped, transit users, and
those of all ages on foot
 Parking
Parking lots should offer direct and easy
access for people walking between their
vehicles and the building entrances
 On Street Bikeways
On street bikeways bring enormous benefits
to both the cycling and non cycling public.
Bikeways create opportunities to incorporate
exercise into ones daily routine, and bring air,
noise, and water quality benefits
 Transit System
Systems Planning: systems planning estimates
total regional transit travel demand
Service Planning: trips are assigned to the
mode best suited to serve specific trip types
Service implementation
Total Travel Demend
 Transportation Forecasting
What is it?
Transportation Forecasting is used to estimate
the number of travelers or vehicles that will
use a given transportation facility in the future

The conventional approach to transportation

forecasting is based on what is commonly
know as the four step model

Norman W. Garrick
 The Four Step Model
Trip Generation
Estimates the number of trips from given origins and
destinations
Trip Distribution
Determines the destination for each trip from a given origin
Mode Choice
Determines the mode choice for each trip
Route Assignment
Determines the specific route for each trip

Norman W. Garrick
 Trip Generation
Trip Generation model is used to estimate the number of person-trips
that will begin or end in a given traffic analysis zone

1
3
2 5

4 8
7
6

The unit of analysis for traffic generation is the TAZ

Norman W. Garrick
 Trip Generation
Developing and Using the Model

Survey Base Year

Socio-economic, land use
And
Trip making

Estimated
Predicted
Target year Calibrated
Target year
socio-economic, Model No. of Trips
land use data Relating trip making
to socio-economic
and land use data

Norman W. Garrick
 Trip Generation
Developing and Using the Model

The trip generation model typically can take the form of

No. of trips = Function (pop, income, auto ownership rates)

The model is developed and calibrated using BASE year data

Norman W. Garrick
 Trip Generation
Developing the Model

Trip Generation models are often developed from travel

surveys. These surveys are used to determine the trip
making pattern for a sampling of house holds in the area.
This trip making pattern is then related to land use
(nominally) and socioeconomic factors that are considered
to affect travel patterns

Common socioeconomic factors considered include

population, income, and auto ownership
rates

Norman W. Garrick
 Trip Generation
Trip Purpose

Often separate predictions are mode for different type of trips since
travel behavior depends on trip purpose

In other words different models must be developed for each trip type

The category of trip types commonly used include

Work trips
School trips
Shopping trips
Recreational trips

Norman W. Garrick
 Trip Generation
Example of a Trip Generation Model

One way of presenting the trip generation

model developed from a survey is as a
cross-classification table

Norman W. Garrick
 Trip Generation
Survey and Model

Survey Base Year

Socio-economic, land use
And
Trip making

Calibrated
Model
Relating trip making
to socio-economic
and land use data

Norman W. Garrick
 Trip Generation
Cross-classification Model
Total Home-Based-Non-Work Trip Rates
Persons per Household
Type of Area Vehicles per HH 1 2,3 4 5+
High Density 0 0.6 2.1 4.6 7.0

1 1.5 3.0 5.5 7.9

2+ 1.8 3.4 5.9 8.3

Low Density 0 1.0 2.5 5.0 7.4

1 1.9 3.5 6.0 8.4

2+ 2.3 3.9 6.4 9.0

Norman W. Garrick
 Trip Generation
Developing and Using the Model

Survey Base Year

Socio-economic, land use
And
Trip making

Estimated
Target year Calibrated
socio-economic, Model
land use data Relating trip making
to socio-economic
and land use data

Norman W. Garrick
 Trip Generation
Base Year Demographics
Number of Households in Target Year
Persons per Household
Type of Area Vehicles per HH 1 2,3 4 5+
High Density 0 100 200 100 100

1 200 300 200 100

2+ 100 200 100 200

Low Density 0 50 100 100 100

1 100 200 100 100

2+ 100 100 100 10

Norman W. Garrick
 Trip Generation
Developing and Using the Model

Survey Base Year

Socio-economic, land use
And
Trip making

Estimated
Predicted
Target year Calibrated
Target year
socio-economic, Model No. of Trips
land use data Relating trip making
to socio-economic
and land use data

Norman W. Garrick
 Trip Generation
Base Year Demographics
Number of Trips in Target Year for Each HH Type
Persons per Household
Type of Area Vehicles per HH 1 2,3 4 5+
High Density 0 60 420 460 700

1 300 900 1100 790

2+ 180 680 590 1660

Low Density 0 50 250 500 740

1 190 700 600 840

2+ 230 390 640 90

Number of Trips = trip rate*no. of HH = 0.6 *Norman

100 = W. 60
Garrick
Total trip = 13,080
 Trip Generation
Demographics and Trip Making Factors affected by Land Use

The land use pattern may affect

Car ownership rates

Household size and composition
Number of daily trips
Mode of trips
Length of trips

Norman W. Garrick
 Productions and Attractions
Residential
1

Non-residential
8
A worker leaves Zone 1 in the morning to Non-residential
go to work in Zone 8
Residential
This results in 2 trip ends:
One Production for Zone 1
One Attraction for Zone 8
Total Number of Trip Ends
When that same worker leaves Zone 8 in
the evening to go to home to Zone 1 Zone 1: 2 Trip Ends (2 Productions)

Zone 8: 2 Trip Ends (2 Attractions)

This results in another 2 trip ends:
One Production for Zone 1
One Attraction for Zone 8
Norman W. Garrick
 Origins and Destinations??
Productions and Attractions??

Based on the convention of trip generation models

Origins and Destinations are defined in terms of the direction of the trip

Productions and Attractions are defined by the land use

Residential Land use PRODUCES trip ends

Non-residential land use ATTRACTS trip ends

This is a useful distinction because of how trip generation models are

typically developed

Norman W. Garrick
 Modeling Productions and Attractions

Residential
1

Non-residential
For example, Trip Ends for Zone 1 would be
reported as
1. 1000 Production Trip Ends
2. 500 Attraction Trip Ends

Trip generation models typically model separately, i) residential trip production, ii) non-
residential trip attractions

This approach works for home based trips (HB). But falls apart when we start to consider
non-home based trips (NHB). Special techniques are developed to deal with the
relatively small number of NHB that occurs.
Norman W. Garrick
 Trip Rate Analysis Method of Trip Generation

Trip-Rate Analysis
Trip rate is estimated on characteristics of the trip
generators with in the zone. Production rates are
determined using the characteristics of the residential
land uses and attraction rates using the characteristics of
the nonresidential land uses

Example

The characteristics of the trip generator is given in 1000 SQ. FT.

And the trip generation rate for each generator is given as TRIPS PER 1000 SQ. FT.

For example
Residential: Total 1000 Sq. Ft. = 2744 1000 sq. ft., Trip Gen. Rate = 2.4 trips/1000 sq.ft
TOTAL NO. of TRIP from residential land use = 2744*2.4 = 6586 Trips

This method of trip generation is often used to do site impact studies

Norman W. Garrick
 Mode Selection
Applying the proper service to each market
segment requires an understanding of the
operating characteristics of the available
modes and their fit within the transportation
system
 BUS TRANSIT
Type of Service:
Local service: stops every block or two along route
Express Services: connect a number of areas with
the CBD or other major destinations
Limited-Stop Service: combination of local and
express service. The stops may be several blocks
to a mile or more apart. Example: bus rapid transit
 Rail Transit
Technology:
Commuter rail (regional rail, suburban rail, or metropolitan
rail) provides service between a central city and the
surrounding suburban areas for short distance travel
Heavy Rail: use high speed and rapid acceleration
passenger rail cars that operate singly or in multicar trains
on fixed rails
Light rail: is an electric railway system characterized by its
capability to operate single cars or short trains along
exclusive right of way at ground level, on aerial structures,
in subways, or in street
Streetcar/tram: metropolitan electric railway vehicles
designed to fit the scale and traffic patterns of the
neighbourhoodd through which they travel