Confined Space and Working at Heights BPSU Main Campus AV Room Balanga City Bataan

Confined Space and Working at Heights Training
ATCS Avie Training and Consultancy Services Stall No. 14 Panilao Shopping Arcade Pilar Bataan
Tel No. 240 47 27 / 0995 980 24 96 / 0921 929 07 19
Confined Space and Working at Heights

BPSU Main Campus AV Room
Balanga City Bataan
Property of ATCS All rights reserved

WHAT IS A CONFINED SPACE?

A confined space has the following characteristics:
OSHA and DOLE Definition
Large enough that a worker can bodily enter and
perform assigned work;
Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit where
unfavorable natural ventilation may exist;
Not designed for continuous occupancy of workers.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
IMPROVE AWARENESS OF POTENTIAL CONFINED SPACE
HAZARDS (INCIDENTS AND ACCIDENTS)
CONFINED SPACES AND HAZARDS AND MISCONCEPTION.
UNDERSTAND RESPONSIBILITY IN CONFINED SPACE
ACTIVITIES.
PREVENT CONFINED SPACE ACCIDENTS (APPROXIMATELY
200 DEATHS EACH YEAR).
UNDERSTAND MORE ABOUT PERSONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH.
(CURRENT STANDARDS, RULES AND REGULATION).

Accident Statistics
There were 431 confined space incidents with 530 fatalities in the US due to
oxygen deficient and/or toxic atmospheres from 1992-2005
From 08/18/2009 to 12/31/2009, there were 36 worker fatalities and 6 worker
hospitalizations related to confined spaces.
In 2010, there were 63 worker fatalities and 28 hospitalizations related to
confined spaces.
From 01/01/2011 to 08/01/2011, there were 22 worker fatalities and 3 worker
hospitalizations related to confined spaces.
Repair & Maintenance and cleaning & inspection activities account for almost
one-quarter of confined space-related fatalities.
Construction and manufacturing industries experience the most fatalities

COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS
I DONT SMELL OR SEE ANYTHING FUNNY. ITS
ALRIGHT TO ENTER.
ILL JUST STICK MY HEAD IN AND TAKE A
LOOK. IM NOT REALLY ENTERING THE SPACE.
EVERYTHING CHECKS OUT. WE CAN GO TO
WORK, AND PUT THE TESTING EQUIPMENT
AWAY.
ILL BE ABLE TO HOLD MY BREATH AND GET
OUT IF ANYTHING DOES HAPPEN.

Types of Confined Spaces

1) Sewers
2) Manholes
3) Tanks
4) Vessels
5) Silos
6) Bins
7) Vats
8) Sludge Digestion Systems
9) Tunnels
10) Pump wet wells
11) Ship Compartments
12) Lift Stations
13) Utility Vaults
14) Mechanical rooms






Common Mistakes
PEOPLE, DONT RECOGNIZE A CONFINED SPACE OR ITS POTENTIAL
HAZARDS
Trust their senses

Common Mistakes
PEOPLE, DONT RECOGNIZE A CONFINED SPACE OR ITS POTENTIAL
HAZARDS
Trust their senses

Common Mistakes
PEOPLE UNDERESTIMATE THE DANGER IN A CONFINED SPACE

Common Mistakes
PEOPLE UNDERESTIMATE THE DANGER IN A CONFINED SPACE

POSSIBLE DANGERS How Hazards Occur

OXYGEN DEFICIENCY
COMBUSTIBLE / FLAMMABLE Previously stored products.
Unexplained leaks / spills.
/ EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES.
Chemical reactions.
TOXIC GASES OR VAPORS Operations accomplished
PHYSICAL HAZARDS within space.
CORROSIVE CHEMICALS Inerting with non-flammable
BIOLOGICALS products.
UNKNOWNS

Hazards in confined spaces can include:
Poor air quality: There may be an insufficient amount

of oxygen for the worker to breathe. The atmosphere
might contain a poisonous substance that could make
the worker ill or even cause the worker to lose
consciousness. Natural ventilation alone will often not
be sufficient to maintain breathable quality air.
Chemical exposures due to skin contact or ingestion

as well as inhalation of 'bad' air.
Fire Hazard: There may be an explosive/flammable

atmosphere due to flammable liquids and gases and
combustible dusts which if ignited would lead to fire or
explosion.
Process-related hazards such as residual chemicals,

release of contents of a supply line.

Physical Hazards
Evaluation of a confined space must consider the following
potential hazards:
temperature extremes; noise; slick / wet surfaces; falling /
sharp objects.

CHEMICAL EXPOSURE HAZARDS

YOU CAN BE ADVERSELY EXPOSED TO A HARMFUL CHEMICAL THROUGH
SEVERAL ROUTES OF ENTRY INTO THE BODY INCLUDING:
EYES / SKIN CONTACT; ABSORPTION; INHALATION; INGESTION;
INJECTION
HARMFUL EFFECTS MAY NOT SHOW UP UNTIL SEVERAL HOURS AFTER A
SINGLE EXPOSURE, OTHERS CAN BE IMMEDIATE.
MEDICAL TREATMENT SHOULD BE OBTAINED AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.
REVIEW OF MSDS ALLOWS PREVENTION OF TOXIC EXPOSURE.

Oxygen Levels in Confined Spaces

OSHA 29CFR 1910.146 Permit -
Required Confined Spaces
Oxygen Content (% by Vol.) Effects and Symptoms (At Atmospheric Pressure)
> 23.5% Oxygen enriched, extreme fire hazard

20.9% Oxygen concentration in normal air
19.5% Minimum permissible oxygen
Level 15% to 19% decreased ability to work strenuously; may impair coordination and may cause early symptoms
for persons of coronary, pulmonary or circulatory problems
10% to 12% Respiration further increases in rate and depth; poor judgment, blue lips
8% to 10% mental failure, fainting, unconsciousness, ashen face, nausea, and vomiting
6% to 8% Recovery still possible after four to five minutes. 50% fatal after six minutes. Fatal after eight minutes.
4% to 6% Coma in 40 seconds, convulsions, respiration ceases, death these values are approximate and vary, due to
an individuals state of health and physical activity

EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE

THE FOLLOWING IS EXPRESSED IN PARTS PER MILLION
10 PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT 8 HRS.
50-100 MILD EYE AND RESPIRATORY
IRRITATION 1 HR.
200-300 MARKED EYE AND RESPIRATORY
IRRITATION 1 HR.
500-700 UNCONSCIOUSNESS OR DEATH 30-60 MIN.
1000 AND UP UNCONSCIOUSNESS OR DEATH MINUTES

EFFECTS OF OXYGEN
15-19% = DECREASE ABILITY TO WORK STRENUOUSLY
12-14% = RESPIRATION INCREASES, PULSE RISES, IMPAIRED
COORDINATION, PERCEPTION, JUDGEMENT.
10-12% = RESPIRATION FURTHER IMPAIRED, LIPS TURN BLUE.
8-10% = MENTAL FAILURE, FAINTING, UNCONSCIOUSNESS,
ASHEN FACE, NAUSEA AND VOMITING
6-8% @ > 8 MIN = 100 % FATAL
4-6% = COMA IN 40 SECONDS, CONVULSIONS, RESPIRATION
CEASES, DEATH.


CONFINED SPACES SAFETY
GASES COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED IN CONFINED SPACES
GAS CHARACTERISTICS
Acetylene Colourless, Garlic like odour, highly flammable, easily ignited by

sparks, simple asphyxiant.
Butane Colourless, faint disagreeable odour. Flammable and explosive.

Simple asphyxiant.
Carbon Dioxide Colourless, odourless, denser than air. A common hazard.

Asphyxiant with some toxic properties.
Carbon Monoxide Colourless, Odourless. Very toxic. Lethal at high levels. Low
doses cause headache, nausea, dizziness.

GAS CHARACTERISTICS
Chlorine Greenish yellow gas, pungent irritating odour. Highly toxic, causes
pulmonary irritations and burning of eyes, nose and throat.
Hydrogen Colourless and odourless. Highly flammable and explosive. Simple

asphyxiant.
Hydrogen Sulphide Rotten egg smell. Highly toxic, flammable. Irritates eyes, nose,
throat in low doses. Rapidly fatal in high concentrations. Remember the
gas destroys your sense of smell first.
Methane (Firedamp) Colourless, odourless, half the density of air, highly flammable
and explosive. Simple asphyxiant.
Nitrogen Dioxide Colourless, highly toxic welding hazard. Fire hazard reacts violently
with organic materials. Causes irritation of throat and chest. Long term
exposure can cause pulmonary impairment.
Oxygen Colourless, odourless. Asphyxiant risks below normal concentration in

air (21%) increased flammability risks at higher concentrations.
Noise.
Safety hazards such as moving parts of equipment,
structural hazards, entanglement, slips, falls.
Radiation.
Temperature extremes including atmospheric and
surface.
Shifting or collapse of bulk material.
Barrier failure resulting in a flood or release of free-
flowing solid.
Uncontrolled energy including electrical shock.
Visibility.
Biological hazards.

CONFINED SPACE ACCIDENTS



GENERAL STANDARDS IN CONFINED SPACES

NFPA 350
OSHA 3 CFR 1910.146 1926.200 PERMIT
REQUIRED CS
BS STANDARDS 1997 CS REGULATIONS
APPROVED CODE OF PRACTICE
ARAMCO STANDARDS
SABIC STANDARDS


NFPA 350
DOCUMENT SCOPE
THIS GUIDE IS INTENDED TO PROTECT WORKERS WHO
ENTER INTO CONFINED SPACES FOR INSPECTION OR
TESTING OR TO PERFORM ASSOCIATED WORK FROM DEATH
AND FROM LIFE-THREATENING AND OTHER INJURIES OR
ILLNESSES AND TO PROTECT FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT, NON
CONFINED SPACE PERSONNEL, AND THE PUBLIC FROM
INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH CONFINED SPACE INCIDENTS.


Permit-Required Confined Spaces
THE TERMS PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE AND
PERMIT SPACE REFER TO SPACES THAT MEET OSHAS
DEFINITION OF A CONFINED SPACE AND CONTAIN
HEALTH OR SAFETY HAZARDS. FOR THIS REASON, OSHA
REQUIRES WORKERS TO HAVE A PERMIT TO ENTER
THESE SPACES. THROUGHOUT THIS PUBLICATION, THE
TERM PERMIT SPACE WILL BE USED TO DESCRIBE A
PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE..


Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 Approved
Code of Practice, Regulations and guidance
APPROVED CODE OF PRACTICE (ACOP) AND GUIDANCE
ON THE DUTIES IN THE CONFINED SPACES REGULATIONS
1997, WHICH APPLY TO ALL INDUSTRY SECTORS WITH
THE EXCEPTION OF DIVING OPERATIONS AND BELOW
GROUND IN A MINE (THERE IS SPECIFIC LEGISLATION
DEALING WITH CONFINED SPACES IN THESE CASES). IT
ALSO GIVES GUIDANCE ON THE DUTIES IN OTHER
REGULATIONS WHERE THEY APPLY TO WORK IN
CONFINED SPACES


Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 Approved
Code of Practice, Regulations and guidance
APPROVED CODE OF PRACTICE (ACOP) AND GUIDANCE
ON THE DUTIES IN THE CONFINED SPACES REGULATIONS
1997, WHICH APPLY TO ALL INDUSTRY SECTORS WITH
THE EXCEPTION OF DIVING OPERATIONS AND BELOW
GROUND IN A MINE (THERE IS SPECIFIC LEGISLATION
DEALING WITH CONFINED SPACES IN THESE CASES). IT
ALSO GIVES GUIDANCE ON THE DUTIES IN OTHER
REGULATIONS WHERE THEY APPLY TO WORK IN
CONFINED SPACES

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN CONFINED SPACE

PERMIT REQUIRED AND NON PERMIT REQUIRED
GAS TESTING AND VENTILATION
RESPONSIBILITIES OF PERSONNEL IN CS
PPE AND OTHER SAFETY EQUIPMENT

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN CONFINED SPACE

A PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE IS ONE THAT MEETS THE
DEFINITION OF A CONFINED SPACE AND HAS ONE OR MORE OF THESE
CHARACTERISTICS:
CONTAINS OR HAS THE POTENTIAL TO CONTAIN A HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE,
CONTAINS A MATERIAL THAT HAS THE POTENTIAL FOR ENGULFING THE ENTRANT,
HAS AN INTERNAL CONFIGURATION THAT MIGHT CAUSE AN ENTRANT TO BE
TRAPPED OR ASPHYXIATED BY INWARDLY CONVERGING WALLS OR BY A FLOOR THAT
SLOPES DOWNWARD AND TAPERS TO A SMALLER CROSS SECTION, AND/OR
CONTAINS ANY OTHER RECOGNIZED SERIOUS SAFETY OR HEALTH HAZARDS."

Classifying Confined Spaces

Large Enough to Enter No
Yes
Limited Means of Entry/Exit Not a
No
Confined
Yes Space
Designed for Continuous Occupancy Yes
No
Hazardous Atmosphere Engulfment Internal Configuration Other Hazards

Toxic Dry/Wet Sloped Floors Electrical, Radiation
02 Enriched Product Traps Foot/Hand Traps Noise, Vibration
02 Deficient Occupant Entrapment Moving Parts
Fire/Explosion No adequate Heat/Cold
illumination Poor Communication
No No No No
Non-permit Confined Space
Yes Yes Yes Yes

Property of ATCS All rightsConfined
Permit-required reserved Space
ENTRANT RESPONSIBILITIES
AN ENTRANT MUST:
KNOW THE HAZARDS WHICH MAY BE FACED DURING ENTRY.
RECOGNIZE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE TO A HAZARD.
UNDERSTAND THE CONSEQUENCES OF EXPOSURE TO A HAZARD.
MAINTAIN CONTACT WITH THE ATTENDANT.
NOTIFY THE ATTENDANT WHEN THE ENTRANT SELF-INITIATES EVACUATION.
BE AWARE OF PPE SUCH AS RETRIEVAL LINES, RESPIRATORS OR CLOTHING,
NEEDED FOR SAFE ENTRY AND EXIT.
USE PPE PROPERLY.
PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM EXTERNAL HAZARDS.
PERFORM NO OTHER DUTIES THAT INTERFERE WITH PRIMARY DUTY.

ENTRY SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES

AN ENTRY SUPERVISOR MUST:
DETERMINE THAT THE ENTRY PERMIT CONTAINS THE PROPER
INFORMATION BEFORE AUTHORIZING OR ALLOWING ENTRY.
DETERMINE AT APPROPRIATE INTERVALS WHENEVER ACCEPTABLE
ENTRY CONDITIONS ARE NOT PRESENT.
CANCEL THE ENTRY AUTHORIZATION AND TERMINATE ENTRY
WHENEVER ACCEPTABLE ENTRY CONDITIONS ARE NOT PRESENT.
TAKE THE NECESSARY MEASURES FOR CONDUCTING AN ENTRY
OPERATION SUCH AS CLOSING OFF A CONFINED SPACE AND
CANCEL THE PERMIT, ONCE THE WORK AUTHORIZED BY THE
PERMIT HAS BEEN COMPLETED.

WATCH MAN / ATTENDANT

AN AUTHORIZED INDIVIDUAL STATIONED
OUTSIDE OF A CONFINED SPACE, WHO HAS
THE RESPONSIBILITY OF OBSERVING THE
AUTHORIZED ENTRANTS.

ATTENDANT RESPONSIBILITIES
AN ATTENDANT MUST:
MAINTAIN AN ACCURATE COUNT OF ALL PERSONS IN THE SPACE.
RECOGNIZE POTENTIAL CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS AND MONITOR
ACTIVITIES INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE SPACE TO DETERMINE IF IT IS SAFE
FOR ENTRANTS TO REMAIN IN THE SPACE.
MAINTAIN EFFECTIVE AND CONTINUOUS COMMUNICATION WITH
AUTHORIZED ENTRANTS DURING ENTRY.
SUMMON RESCUE AND OTHER EMERGENCY SERVICES AS SOON AS THE
ATTENDANT DETERMINES THAT AUTHORIZED ENTRANTS NEED TO ESCAPE
FROM PERMIT HAZARDS.
HAVE FIRST AID AND CPR CERTIFICATION.
DUTIES OF ATTENDANT
THE ENTRY ATTENDANT REMAINS OUTSIDE THE CONFINED SPACE TO

CONSTANTLY MONITOR (BY VISUAL / AUDITORY COMMUNICATION)
AUTHORIZED ENTRANTS WORKING INSIDE THE SPACE.
HIS SPECIFIC DUTIES INCLUDE :

Prohibit unauthorized
entries

DUTIES OF ATTENDANT
ENSURE ATMOSPHERIC TEST IS

CONDUCTED AND SIGNED PERMIT
IS AVAILABLE PRIOR TO
ALLOWING ENTRY.

TESTING
TEST BEFORE ENTERING THE SPACE.
TEST AT DIFFERENT LEVELS.
TEST FOR:
OXYGEN CONTENT
FLAMMABLE OR EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES.
TOXIC GASES OR VAPORS.
TEST BEFORE AND DURING WORK WHERE THE
ATMOSPHERE MAY CHANGE. SOME EXAMPLES ARE:
WELDING
DRILLING
SLUDGE REMOVAL
CLEANING WITH SOLVENTS

TESTING
WHEN TESTING THE ATMOSPHERE OF A CONFINED SPACE, IT IS
NECESSARY TO TEST ALL AREAS (TOP, MIDDLE, BOTTOM) OF A
CONFINED SPACE.
SOME GASES OR VAPORS ARE HEAVIER THAN AIR AND WILL SETTLE TO
THE BOTTOM OF A CONFINED SPACE.
SOME GASES ARE LIGHTER THAN AIR AND WILL BE FOUND AROUND
THE TOP OF A CONFINED SPACE.
IF TESTING REVEALS OXYGEN DEFICIENCY, OR THE PRESENCE OF TOXIC
GASES OR VAPORS, THE SPACE MUST BE VENTILATED AND RE-TESTED
BEFORE WORKERS ENTER.
NEVER TRUST YOUR SENSES TO DETERMINE IF THE AIR IN A CONFINED
SPACE IS SAFE.
YOU CAN NOT SEE OR SMELL MANY TOXIC GASES OR VAPORS, NOR CAN
YOU DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF OXYGEN PRESENT.
THE ATMOSPHERE SHALL BE TESTED WITH AN INSTRUMENT CAPABLE
OF SOUNDING AN AUDIBLE ALARM.
VENTILATION
VENTILATION BY A BLOWER OR FAN MAY BE
NECESSARY TO REMOVE HARMFUL GASES
OR VAPORS FROM A CONFINED SPACE. THE
METHOD AND EQUIPMENT CHOSEN ARE
DEPENDENT UPON:
THE SIZE OF THE CONFINED SPACE
OPENINGS.
THE GASES TO BE EXHAUSTED.
THE SOURCE OF MAKE-UP AIR.
WHEN AIR IS ADDED TO THE SPACE THIS IS
POSITIVE VENTILATION; WHEN AIR IS
REMOVED, IT IS TERMED NEGATIVE
VENTILATION.

VENTILATION
UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS WHERE FLAMMABLE GASES OR VAPORS HAVE
DISPLACED THE OXYGEN LEVEL, BUT ARE TOO RICH TO BURN FORCED AIR
VENTILATION MAY DILUTE THEM UNTIL THEY ARE WITHIN THE EXPLOSIVE
RANGE.
IF INERT GASES ARE USED IN THE CONFINED SPACE, THE SPACE SHOULD BE
WELL VENTILATED AND RE-TESTED BEFORE A WORKER MAY ENTER.
A COMMON METHOD OF VENTILATION REQUIRES A LONG HOSE. ONE END OF
THE HOSE IS ATTACHED TO A FAN AND THE OTHER LOWERED INTO A MANHOLE
OR OPENING.
NEVER USE PURE OXYGEN TO VENTILATE A CONFINED SPACE. VENTILATE WITH
FRESH AIR FROM A CLEAN SOURCE.

VENTILATION
IF WORK INSIDE THE SPACE COULD GENERATE
FLAMMABLE VAPORS OR PRODUCE AN OXYGEN-
DEFICIENT OR HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE,
CONTINUOUS FORCED AIR VENTILATION MUST BE
PROVIDED AND MONITORED.
NO INTERNAL COMBUSTION PUMPS, GENERATORS, OR BLOWERS CAN BE USED IN
ANY CONFINED SPACE.
WHEN SETTING UP TO ENTER A CONFINED SPACE, MAKE SURE THAT THE
LOCATION OF THIS TYPE OF EQUIPMENT WILL NOT ALLOW CARBON MONOXIDE TO
ENTER THE SPACE.

DUTIES OF ATTENDANT
KNOW THE HAZARDS IN THE PERMIT

SPACE THAT MAYBE ENCOUNTERED.
KNOW POSSIBLE BEHAVIORAL
EFFECTS / SYMPTOMS FROM HAZARD
EXPOSURE

DUTIES OF ATTENDANT
ENSURE PROPER SIGNAGE IS

IN PLACE PRIOR TO AND
DURING ENTRY

DUTIES OF ATTENDANT
Attached to a retrieval / lifeline
ENSURE EMERGENCY RESCUE

EQUIPMENT IS AVAILABLE @
ENTRY POINT PRIOR TO
ALLOWING ENTRY

DUTIES OF ATTENDANT
ENSURE APPROPRIATE PPES

ARE WORN BY ENTRANTS

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

FOR MOST CONFINED SPACES, THE MINIMUM PPE REQUIRED IS
SAFETY GLASSES, SAFETY SHOES, AND HARD HATS.
ADDITIONAL PPE WILL BE REQUIRED AS DEFINED BY THE
HAZARDS THAT MAY BE ENCOUNTERED IN THE CONFINED SPACE.
GLOVES
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
HEARING PROTECTION
RESPIRATORS
GOGGLES / FACE SHIELD

EQUIPMENT
LIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
LOW-VOLTAGE (12 VOLT) LIGHTING IS PREFERRED INSIDE CONFINED
SPACE
ALL OTHER LIGHTING SOURCES MUST BE PROTECTED BY AN APPROVED
GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER (GFCI)
LIGHTING AND TOOLS SHOULD BE ON SEPARATE CIRCUITS WITH GFCIS
TRANSFORMERS, GFCIS, AND DISCONNECTS LOCATED OUTSIDE THE
CONFINED SPACE
ALL ELECTRICAL TOOLS USED INSIDE THE CONFINED SPACE MUST USE A
GFCI.

SAFETY EQUIPMENT
SAFETY HARNESS AND LIFELINE
A SAFETY HARNESS AND LIFELINE MUST BE
WORN BY ALL PERSONNEL ENTERING A
PERMIT SPACE.
WHERE THE ENTRANCE IS TOO RESTRICTED
TO ALLOW REMOVAL OF A PERSON EQUIPPED
WITH A SAFETY HARNESS, USE A SHOULDER
TYPE OR WRIST HARNESS.
WHEN MAKING A VERTICAL ENTRY INTO A
PERMIT SPACE WHICH IS 6 FEET DEEP OR
MORE, FALL PROTECTION IS REQUIRED.

DUTIES OF ATTENDANT
Maintain @ entry point, the following equipment:
Warning signs Audible warning
Fire extinguisher
Property ofPortable
ATCS All rights reserved
lighting
COMMUNICATION
CONTACT BETWEEN THE ENTRANT AND THE ATTENDANT IS EXTREMELY
IMPORTANT AND CONSTANT COMMUNICATION MUST BE MAINTAINED.
COMMUNICATION MAY BE ACCOMPLISHED BY:
SIGHT
VERBAL
RADIO
ROPE
HAND SIGNALS
COMMUNICATIONS MUST BE IDENTIFIED, IN PLACE AND OPERABLE FOR
EMERGENCY PURPOSES.

DUTIES OF ATTENDANT
CALL FOR HELP / EMERGENCY SERVICES WHEN SITUATION WARRANTS
MAINTAIN COMMUNICATION WITH ENTRANTS
STOP WORK AND ORDER ENTRANTS TO EVACUATE UNDER THE
FOLLOWING CONDITIONS :
PROHIBITED CONDITION IS DETECTED
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF HAZARDS EXPOSURE IS DETECTED
DANGEROUS SITUATION OUTSIDE IS DETECTED
IF HE, THE ATTENDANT, CANNOT PERFORM ALL HIS ASSIGNED
DUTIES.
KEEP WEARING DISTINCTIVE VEST WHILE ATTENDING PERMIT SPACE
ENTRIES.
PERFORM NO OTHER DUTIES.

10 DUTIES OF ATTENDANT / WATCHMAN

1. REMAIN OUTSIDE THE PERMIT SPACE DURING ENTRY OPERATIONS, PERFORM NO OTHER
DUTIES.
2. KNOW EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HAZARDS WITH IN THE SPACE.
3. RECOGNIZE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE TO A HAZARD.
4. MAINTAIN CONTACT WITH THE ENTRANTS.
5. ORDER AN EVACUATION OF THE CONFINED SPACE WHEN AN EMERGENCY SITUATION
OCCURS.
6. PERFORM NON-ENTRY RESCUES.
7. CALL FOR HELP / EMERGENCY SERVICES WHEN SITUATION WARRANTS
8. BE AWARE OF P.P.E. SUCH AS RETRIEVAL LINES, RESPIRATORS, OR CLOTHING NEEDED FOR
SAFE ENTRY AND EXIT.
9. KEEP UNAUTHORIZED PEOPLE AWAY FROM THE SPACE.
10. SIGNS IN / OUT CONFINED SPACE REGISTER.

HOW TO RESPOND
IF SOMEONE IN A CONFINED SPACE SIGNALS FOR HELP OR

BECOMES UNCONSCIOUS:
CALL FOR HELP AND EVACUATE EMPLOYEES FROM THE AREA.
CONTINUE RUNNING VENTILATION EQUIPMENT IF REQUIRED FOR
THE SPACE.
REMOVE VICTIM USING THE RESCUE EQUIPMENT, RATHER THAN
ENTERING SPACE.
GET MEDICAL ATTENTION AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.
ISOLATE THE AREA UNTIL THE CAUSE OF THE ACCIDENT IS
IDENTIFIED AND CORRECTED.

GENERAL SAFETY PRACTICES

NEVER ENTER A CONFINED SPACE IF YOU ARE NOT AUTHORIZED TO
DO SO.
GET OUT IF YOU FEEL DIZZY, LIGHT HEADED OR SICK.
REPORT ANY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS OR INJURIES.
NEVER REMOVE RESPIRATORS WHILE WORKING IN A CONFINED
SPACE.
DONT SMOKE IN CONFINED SPACES.
STAY ALERT AT ALL TIMES.
CONCENTRATE ON THE JOB YOU ARE DOING AT ALL TIMES.
RESPECT AND HANDLE EQUIPMENT PROPERLY.

CONFINED SPACE RESCUE.

WHY CONFINED SPACES CAN BE DANGEROUS.
THE 3 RESCUE TECHNIQUES
1. NON-ENTRY
2. ENTRY BY OTHERS
3. ENTRY BY TRAINED EMPLOYEES FROM THE COMPANY
REVIEW THE PPE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT THAT MAY BE
REQUIRED FOR CONFINED SPACE ENTRY.
RESPONSE TIME AND IMPORTANCE OF RESPONSE TIME.
RESCUE EQUIPMENT IN A CS RESCUE.
LOCKOUT TAGOUT OR ELIMINATION AND REMOVAL OF POTENTIAL
HAZARDS.
KEY POINTS ASSOCIATED WITH A CONFINED SPACE RESCUE PLAN.

Emergency Rescue
EMERGENCY RESCUE TEAMS
MUST BE AVAILABLE WHILE
AUTHORIZED ENTRANTS ARE IN
THE CONFINED SPACE.
DEATHS OFTEN OCCUR DURING
RESCUE. EMPLOYEES ATTEMPT
TO RESCUE AN ENTRANT
WITHOUT THE PROPER
TRAINING AND THEN GET
CAUGHT THEMSELVES IN THE
CONFINED SPACE.

RESCUE TECHNIQUES
THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF RESCUE TECHNIQUES:
1. NON-ENTRY
2. ENTRY BY OTHERS
3. ENTRY BY TRAINED EMPLOYEES FROM THE

COMPANY

RESCUE TECHNIQUES
Non-entry Rescue that is
conducted without entry
into the confined space.
This can be conducted by
such means as a rope or
winch.
High Angle Pick Offs

RESCUE TECHNIQUES
Entry by others some
companies do not have
trained personnel for
emergency rescue. They
depend on others to
conduct emergency rescues
such as the Fire
Department.

RESCUE TECHNIQUES
2. ENTRY BY OTHERS
CONTINUED IN THIS CASE
THE FIRE DEPARTMENT
WOULD NEED:
To be familiar with the types of confined spaces located in the facility,
the hazards they may encounter,
the entry means into the confined spaces,
the types of rescue equipment to effect a rescue and
the types of PPE required for any potential rescue.


Confined Space Types 1-6, youll notice that for each pairing of numbers, CS
Types 1 & 2 are side entry portals; Types 3 & 4 are top entry portals; and Types 5
& 6 are bottom entry portals. Then, for portal dimensions, the odd numbers (Types
1, 3 and 5) are more restricted portals that are less than 24-inches in diameter. The
even numbers (Types 2, 4 and 6) are portals greater than 24 inches.
Why is it important to consider these confined space types and portal sizes when
evaluating the rescue team? Well, it has to do with the rescue teams ability to get in
and out of the portal with any required PPE most likely affecting the need for
airline respirators versus backpack SCBAs and also the need to get a packaged
victim out of the space. Generally, a rigid Stokes type litter will not fit through a portal
that is 24 inches or less, especially once the victim is loaded into the litter.

Can this
rescue
equipment fit
in less then 24
Inches Entry
Points?

RESCUE TECHNIQUES
Entry by Trained employees from the company
some companies have trained personnel within the
company to conduct rescues. In this case:
All members of the team must be specially
trained in confined space rescue work
The team must have at least one member
certified in CPR and first aid,
All members of the team must be trained in
the techniques and equipment for specific
confined spaces.

RESCUE TECHNIQUES
Emergency Rescue
If a rescue is required, the rescue service must close
off the area, get authorized entrants out of the space
and perform first aid when needed.
It is best to use a retrieval system to bring the
employee out of the space. Never enter the space
without proper training and unless it is necessary.
Authorized entrants should wear harnesses
connected to the retrieval line. The retrieval
equipment must be in place before employees enter
the permit space

RESCUE EQUIPMENTS
Emergency Rescue Winches
Confined Space Rescue can Ventilation Systems

require a number of types of
Lockout Tagout
equipment to effectively and safely
perform a rescue. SCBA Units
Lets take a look at some of the

equipment that can be used in
confined space rescues.
Ropes
Harness
Tripods
RESCUE EQUIPMENTS
Ropes
Used for
Primary tool in technical
rescue
Vary in construction, material
and size Most common in C.S.
inch, strength 9,000 lbs.
Static kernmantle (low
stretch)
Dynamic kernmantle
(high stretch)

RESCUE EQUIPMENTS
Harness
Used for
Fall protection
Confined space rescue
Most common in C.S.
Flat nylon webbing
Full body
Point of attachment in the
center of the back at shoulder
level
RESCUE EQUIPMENTS
Tripods
Used for
Access to vertical
entry
Most common in C.S.
9-foot height or
greater

RESCUE EQUIPMENTS
Winches
Used for
Assist with tripods
Most common in C.S.
Retractable designated
for non-entry rescue
Certified as a primary
lowering device

RESCUE EQUIPMENTS
Ventilation Systems
VENTILATE, ELIMINATE,
OR CONTROL THE SPACES
ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS
BLIND OR DISCONNECT
AND CAP ALL INPUT LINES
SO THAT NO HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS CAN ENTER
THE SPACE

RESCUE EQUIPMENTS
SCBA Units
SCBA (SELF CONTAINED
BREATHING APPARATUS) MAY BE
REQUIRED TO ENTER SOME
CONFINED SPACES OR TO PERFORM
A RESCUE.
THERE ARE SPECIAL GUIDELINES
THAT MUST BE FOLLOWED PRIOR
TO WEARING AN SCBA.
RESCUE EQUIPMENTS
SCBA WEARER REQUIREMENTS
IN ORDER TO WEAR A SCBA A RESCUER
WOULD HAVE TO PROVIDE A RESPIRATOR
CLEARANCE OR PHYSICIAN APPROVAL
PRIOR TO WEARING A SCBA.
AFTER THE RESPIRATOR CLEARANCE THE
RESCUER WOULD HAVE TO BE FIT TESTED
FOR THE SCBA UNIT.

RESCUE EQUIPMENTS
AS YOU CAN SEE, THERE ARE NUMEROUS TYPES OF RESCUE EQUIPMENT THAT IS
AVAILABLE TO ASSIST WITH RESCUES.
EACH CONFINED SPACE MUST BE EVALUATED TO DETERMINE WHAT TYPE OF EQUIPMENT
IS REQUIRED TO PERFORM A RESCUE SHOULD IT BECOME NECESSARY.
IF OUTSIDE RESOURCES, SUCH AS THE FIRE DEPARTMENT, ARE UTILIZED TO PERFORM
CONFINED SPACE RESCUES, THE AGENCY SHOULD BE GIVEN ACCESS TO YOUR FACILITY
TO ENABLE THEM TO:
BE AWARE OF THE TYPES OF CONFINED SPACES YOU HAVE
DETERMINE THE TYPES OF EQUIPMENT AND RESCUE TECHNIQUES THEY WILL NEED
TO PERFORM A RESCUE

FAILURE TO UNDERSTAND THE ENVIRONMENT

ADDITIONAL MEDICAL ISSUES NOT CONSIDERED
INADEQUATE RESCUE SKILLS
LACK OF TEAMWORK OR TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE
UNDERESTIMATING THE LOGISTICS OF THE INCIDENT
RESCUE VERSE RECOVERY MODE NOT CONSIDERED
EQUIPMENT NOT MASTERED
F-A-I-L-U-R-E
WORKING ON
HEIGHTS

"The truest indicator of

management's ability to manage, is
their ability to manage each activity
safety"

INTRODUCTION
THEPURPOSE OF THIS COURSE IS TO ESTABLISH
REQUIREMENTS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SAFE
WORK ON ELEVATED AREAS.
TO KNOW THE HAZARD AND HOW TO CONTROL IT.
Property of ATCS All rights reserved 85

FACTS
DISTANCE VELOCITY SPEED FORCE

TIME
TRAVELED Ft. / sec MPH AT IMPACT (Lb)
0.25 1 ft. 8 5.5 400

0.50 4 ft. 16 11 1,600
0.61 6 ft. 20 14 2,400
0.75 9 ft. 24 16 3,600
1.00 16 ft. 32 22 6,400
1.25 25 ft. 40 27 10,000
1.50 36 ft. 48 33 14,000
1.75 49 ft. 56 38 19,600

FACTS
CONSTRUCTION FALL PROTECTION
Consider the fact that, a body in a free fall

can
In just . Can fall
0.5 second 4 feet
1.0 second 16 feet
1.5 seconds 36 feet
2.0 seconds 64 feet

50 % of people who fall > 3.35mtrs (11ft) died. (Fall

velocity of 8.2 m/sec - 27 ft/sec or 18 m.p.h = 29kph)
Rule of Thumb:100kg person that falls 1mtr will

generate 10kN (~1,000kg) of force on the body
The maximum allowable force the body may be

subjected to is: 6kN (~600kg) Ref: AS 1891.1

HOW TO REDUCE A
FALL AT HEIGHTS
Engineering Approach

SAFE WORKING PLATFORM
Every individual must be safe

provided SAFE WORKING
PLATFORM or WORK AREA
prior to work on any elevated
activity.


SAFE ACCESS & EGRESS




Face the ladder when
going up or down
Use at least one hand to

grab the ladder when going
up or down
Do not carry any object or
load that could cause you to
lose balance

Fix slippery conditions

before using.
Stairway parts must be

free of projections
which may cause
injuries or snag clothing.

Administrative Approach
Training - Knowledge
Sign Board
HSE Standard
Implementation

VISIBLE SIGNS AND POSTER

SHOCK
ABSORBER
DOUBLE
LANYARD

INSPECTION

Body Harness Usage
The leg straps

should be
positioned so that
GROIN ENTRAPMENT
does not occur, this
is a serious injury.

Body Harness Usage
The Chest straps

should be positioned
in the chest so that the
Distribution of Weight
during fall will not
affect the internal
organs . See next slide


Appropriate Wearing of FBH

D-rings and snaphooks shall be

capable of sustaining a
minimum tensile load of 5,000
pounds (22.24 Kn)
D-rings and snaphooks shall be

proof-tested to a minimum
tensile load of 3,600 pounds (16
Kn) without cracking, breaking,
or being permanently deformed.

INSPECTION

Hook, D-Ring and buckles shall away from
corrosion
rust
crack
obvious damage
Note:
Dont expose with chemicals
INSPECTION
COMPONENTS OF A FALL
A fall exposure of 6 ft. or greater requires full body harness.
BODY
HEIGHT
FREE FALL
DISTANCE (length
of lanyard <1.8m)
DECELERATION
DISTANCE (<1m)
SAFETY
FACTOR

ANCHOR, TIE-OFF POINT, LIFELINES

Anchorage should be a substantial point of attachment.
Anchorage should be independent of the work surface.
Anchorage must be capable of supporting a 5000 lb load.
If possible, keep anchorage points directly over head to
prevent swing falls.
The following equipment must not be used as anchorage points :
screw pipe,
conduit,
cable tray rungs,
welded pipe less than 2
wooden handrails.

LIFELINES CONSIDERATIONS :
Cannot be made of natural fiber rope.
Must be protected against damage by cuts or abrasions.
Lifelines must have a minimum breaking strength of 5000 lb
(22.2kN) ( 12 mm (1/2) diameter steel wire rope or in
synthetic rope).
Lifelines shall not be used for any other purpose than fall
protection.
Lifelines shall be inspected by the competent person before each use and
inspected and color coded by the competent person on a monthly basis.
If two people are attached to the same horizontal lifeline.
The lifeline must be able to support at least 10,000 lbs.:
2 people x 5.000 = 10.000 pounds
or 2 x 22.2 kN = 44.4 kN

Confined Space Training
SWING PENDULUM EFFECT
TRIP
FIXED
ANCHORAGE HORIZONTAL
POINT LIFELINE

NO TRAINING,
NO WORK ON
ELEVATED
AREA

Site Implementation
1.8 METER FULL BODY HARNESS

IS MANDATORY

Site Implementation
WORKERS WHO WILL WORK ON

SCAFFOLDING SHALL WEAR
FULL BODY HARNESS FROM 1
METER HIGH

Site Implementation
RED TAG
NO ONE IS ALLOWED TO WORK
EXEPT APPROVED SCAFFOLDER
AND SCAFFOLDER INCHARGE

Site Implementation
YELLOW TAG
FULL BODY HARNESS IS
MANDATORY AND 100& TIE OFF
IS MANDATORY AS WELL

Site Implementation
GREEN TAG
FULL BODY HARNESS IS
REQUIRED.
100% TIE OFF IS NOT
MANDATORY

Site Implementation
Each tools must be protected while

bringing up or down
Secure each tools while using on elevated
area.

Site Implementation
WORKING ON ELEVATED
AREA WITHOUT FULL
BODY HARNESS IS A
SERIOUS OFFENCE

YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE TO YOUR OWN SAFETY

YOU MUST FOLLOW 100% TIE-OFF POLICY
YOU MUST HAVE CONFIDENCE TO WORK ON
HEIGHT PRIOR TO WORK ON
IF POSSIBLE DONT WORK ALONE
DONT FORGET YOUR BREAK FAST
IF IN DOUBT, DONT DO IT! ASK QUESTION.

Tel No. 0977 -153 -5889 / 0916 728 6419 / 0921 234 5721
ATCS Avie Training and Consultancy Services Stall No. 14 Panilao
Shopping Arcade Pilar Bataan


Confined Space and Working at Heights BPSU Main Campus AV Room Balanga City Bataan

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Confined Space and Working at Heights BPSU Main Campus AV Room Balanga City Bataan

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Confined Space and Working at Heights Training

Confined Space and Working at Heights

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

WHAT IS A CONFINED SPACE?

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Types of Confined Spaces

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Types of Confined Spaces

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Types of Confined Spaces

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Types of Confined Spaces

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Types of Confined Spaces

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Types of Confined Spaces

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Trust their senses

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Trust their senses

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

POSSIBLE DANGERS How Hazards Occur

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Hazards in confined spaces can include:

Poor air quality: There may be an insufficient amount

Chemical exposures due to skin contact or ingestion

Fire Hazard: There may be an explosive/flammable

Process-related hazards such as residual chemicals,

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

CHEMICAL EXPOSURE HAZARDS

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Oxygen Levels in Confined Spaces

> 23.5% Oxygen enriched, extreme fire hazard

19.5% Minimum permissible oxygen

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

CONFINED SPACES SAFETY

GASES COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED IN CONFINED SPACES

Acetylene Colourless, Garlic like odour, highly flammable, easily ignited by

Butane Colourless, faint disagreeable odour. Flammable and explosive.

Carbon Dioxide Colourless, odourless, denser than air. A common hazard.

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

Hydrogen Colourless and odourless. Highly flammable and explosive. Simple

Oxygen Colourless, odourless. Asphyxiant risks below normal concentration in

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

CONFINED SPACE ACCIDENTS

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

CONFINED SPACE ACCIDENTS

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

CONFINED SPACE ACCIDENTS

Property of ATCS All rights reserved

GENERAL STANDARDS IN CONFINED SPACES

Property of ATCS All rights reserved