Chapter 5

Introduction and Basic Concepts

Thermodynamics

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 What is Thermodynamics?
Greek: therme = heat and dynamis = power (The
science of energy)
Loard Kelvin used for the first time the word
thermodynamics in 1849
William Rankine the first thermodynamic
textbook was written in 1859
Thermodynamics Law
a) Conservation of Energy (Energy can change from one
form to another form but cannot be created OR destroyed)
b) 1st Law Thermodynamics (expression of the
conservation of energy/energy is a thermodynamics property)
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 c) 2nd Law Thermodynamics (energy has quality as well as
quantity, and actual processes occur in direction of decreasing
quality of energy)
Study of Thermodynamics
a) Macroscopic Approach = Classical
Thermodynamics (does not require knowledge
of the behavior of individual particles)
b) Microscopical Approach = Statistical
thermodynamics

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 Defining Systems
System: whatever we want to study;
(Quantity of mass or region in space)
Surroundings: mass or region outside the
system.
Boundary: real/imaginary surface that
separates system from its surroundings. Can be
fixed/movable, shared by both(system &
surrounding), no thickness, no mass/volume
Surroundings Boundary

Surroundings
System
Surroundings
Surroundings 4
 Closed System (Control mass)
A system that always
contains the same matter
(same mass).
No transfer of mass
across its boundary can
occur.
Heat/work can cross the
boudary.
Isolated system: special
type of closed system that
does not interact in any
way with its surroundings
(no energy crosses its 5
boundary)
 Control Volume (Open System)
A given region of space through which mass
flows.
Mass may cross the boundary of a CV
Boundary of CV is called Control Surface (real or
imaginary)

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 Properties of System
Any measureable or observable characteristics of the
substance when the system remains in equilibrium is
called a PROPERTY.
e.g. Pressure (P), Volume (V), Temperature (T) and
mass (m), etc. also Viscosity (), Electric Resistance
(R), Thermal Conductivity (k), etc.

Intensive : Independent on mass of system.

- e.g. Pressure (P), Elevation (h), etc.
Extensive : Dependent on mass of system.
- e.g. total mass, total volume, etc.
Specific : Extensive properties per unit mass.
- e.g. Sp. Vol (v=V/m), Sp.Enthalpy (h=H/m),7
etc-Intensive Property
 State
Consider a system that is not undergoing any
change.
A set of properties that completely describe the
condition of the system is known as its STATE. At a
given state all of the properties are known; changing
one property changes the state.

A system at two
different state

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 Equilibrium
EQUILIBRIUM : State of Balance (there are no
unbalanced potentials (or driving forces) within the system.)
Thermal Equilibrium :
NO Temperature Gradient throughout the
system (uniform temperature).
Mechanical Equilibrium :
NO Pressure Gradient throughout the
system(uniform pressure).
Phase Equilibrium :
- System having more than 1 phase.
- Mass of each phase is in equilibrium.
Chemical Equilibrium :
- Chemical composition is constant 9
- NO reaction occurs.
 The State Postulate
The number of properties
required to fix the state of a
system is given by the state
postulate:
The state of a simple
compressible system is
completely specified by two
independent, intensive
properties.
Simple compressible system: If
a system involves no electrical, State of nitrogen is
magnetic, gravitational, motion, fixed by two
and surface tension effects.(the independent,
only energy transfer by work is intensive properties.
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by volume change).
 Example
The density and the specific volume of a simple compressible
system are known. The number of additional intensive,
independent properties needed to fix the state of this system
is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (e) 4
Answer (b) n = 0
"The state of a simple compressible substance is fixed by two
intensive, independent properties. Specific volume and
density are independent, so they count as two properties.
Therefore, we no need more property."

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 Path & Process

Any change a system undergoes from one equilibrium

state to another is known PROCESS.
Series of states through which system passes during the
process is known as its PATH

State 2
Property B

Path State 2 State 1

State 1

Property A 12
 Quasi means almost. During a quasi-equilibrium or
quasi-static process the system remains practically in
equilibrium at all times.
As a sufficiently slow process that allows the system to
adjust itself internally so that properties in one part of the
system do not change any faster than those in other parts
We study quasi-equilibrium processes because they are
easy to analyze (equations of state apply) and work-
producing devices deliver the most work when they
operate on the quasi-equilibrium process.

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 In most of the processes that we will study, one
thermodynamic property is held constant. Some of
these processes are

h=Const s=Const
Isenthalpic Isentropic
V=Const
Isochoric

Temperature (T)
Pressure (P)

T=Const
P=Const Isothermal
Isobaric

Volume (V) Enthalpy (h)/ Entropy (s)

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 Cycle
CYCLE :
A system is said to
State 2 have undergone a cycle if
it returns to its ORIGINAL
state at the end of the
Property B

process.

Hence, for a
State 1
CYCLE, the INITIAL and
Property A
the FINAL states are
identical.
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 Temperature (T)
If two blocks (one warmer than the other)
are brought into contact and isolated from
their surroundings, they would interact
thermally with changes in observable
properties.
When all changes in observable properties
cease, the two blocks are in thermal
equilibrium.
Temperature is a physical property that
determines whether the two objects are in
thermal equilibrium. 16
 Temperature (T)
The zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two bodies
are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they
are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the
zeroth law can be restated as two bodies are in
thermal equilibrium if both have the same
temperature reading even if they are not in contact.

Two bodies
reaching thermal
equilibrium in
isolated enclosure.
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 Temperature Scales(1)
Kelvin scale: An absolute thermodynamic temperature
scale whose unit of temperature is the kelvin (K); the SI base
unit for temperature.
Rankine scale: An absolute thermodynamic temperature
scale with absolute zero that coincides with the absolute zero
of the Kelvin scale; the English base unit for temperature.

T(oR) = 1.8T(K)
Celsius scale (oC):
T(oC) = T(K) 273.15
Fahrenheit scale (oF):
T(oF) = T(oR) 459.67
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End of Chapter 5

Any Question?

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