CENG 302

Introduction to Database
Management Systems
Nihan Kesim Çiçekli
email: nihan@ceng.metu.edu.tr
URL: http://www.ceng.metu.edu.tr/~nihan/ceng302

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 CENG 302
• Instructor: Nihan Kesim Çiçekli
• Office: A308
• Email: nihan@ceng.metu.edu.tr
• Lecture Hours: Tue. 10:40-11:30 (IE102);
Thu. 13:40-15:30 (IE102)
• Course Web page:
http://www.ceng.metu.edu.tr/~nihan/ceng302
• Teaching Assistant: Ali Anıl Sınacı

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 Text Books and References
1. Raghu Ramakrishnan, Database Management
Systems, McGraw Hill, 3rd edition, 2003 (text
book).
2. R. Elmasri, S.B. Navathe, Fundamentals of
Database Systems, 4th edition, Addison-Wesley,
2004.
3. A. Silberschatz, H.F. Korth, S. Sudarshan,
Database System Concepts, McGraw Hill, 4th
edition, 2002.

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 Grading
• Assignments 20 %
• Midterm 1 25 %
• Midterm 2 25 %
• Final Exam 30 %

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 Grading Policies
• Policy on missed midterm:
– no make-up exam
• Lateness policy:
– Late assignments are penalized up to 10% per
day.
• All assignments are to be your own work.

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 Course Outline
• Introduction to Relational Database Management Systems
• The Relational Data Model
• Relational Algebra
• SQL
• QBE
• Entity-Relationship Model
• Relational Database Design: Normalization
• Secondary Storage Devices
• Sequential Files
• Indexed Sequential Files
• Hashing

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 What Is a DBMS?
 A very large, integrated collection of data.
 Models real-world enterprise.
– Entities (e.g., students, courses)
– Relationships (e.g., Tarkan is taking CENG302)
 A Database Management System (DBMS) is a
software package designed to store and manage
databases.
 ?
Why Study Databases??
 Shift from computation to information
– at the “low end”: scramble to webspace (a mess!)
– at the “high end”: scientific applications
 Datasets increasing in diversity and volume.
– Digital libraries, interactive video, Human Genome
project, EOS project
– ... need for DBMS exploding
 DBMS encompasses most of CS
– OS, languages, theory, “AI”, multimedia, logic
Why Use a DBMS?

 Data independence and efficient access.

 Reduced application development time.
 Data integrity and security.
 Uniform data administration.
 Concurrent access, recovery from crashes.
Data Models
 A data model is a collection of concepts for
describing data.
 A schema is a description of a particular
collection of data, using the given data model.
 The relational model of data is the most widely
used model today.
– Main concept: relation, basically a table with rows
and columns.
– Every relation has a schema, which describes the
columns, or fields.

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Example: University Database
 Conceptual schema:
– Students(sid: string, name: string, login: string,
age: integer, gpa:real)
– Courses(cid: string, cname:string, credits:integer)
– Enrolled(sid:string, cid:string, grade:string)
 Physical schema:
– Relations stored as unordered files.
– Index on first column of Students.
 External Schema (View):
– Course_info(cid:string,enrollment:integer)

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Instance of Students Relation
Students( sid: string, name: string, login: string,
age: integer, gpa: real )

sid name login age gpa

53666 Jones jones@cs 18 3.4
53688 Smith smith@ee 18 3.2
53650 Smith smith@math 19 3.8

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 Levels of Abstraction
 Many external schemata, External
Schema 1
External
Schema
External
Schema 3
single conceptual(logical) 2

schema and physical

schema. Conceptual Schema
– External schemata describe
how users see the data. Physical Schema

– Conceptual schema defines

logical structure
– Physical schema describes the
files and indexes used.
 Schemas are defined using DDL; data is modified/queried using DML.

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Data Independence
 Applications insulated from how data is structured
and stored.
 Logical data independence: Protection from
changes in logical structure of data.
 Physical data independence: Protection from
changes in physical structure of data.

 One of the most important benefits of using a DBMS!

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 These layers
must consider

Structure of a DBMS concurrency

control and
recovery

 A typical DBMS has a Query Optimization

layered architecture. and Execution
 This is one of several Relational Operators
possible architectures;
each system has its own Files and Access Methods
variations. Buffer Management

Disk Space Management

DB