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Introduction
Introduction
Catalysis is one of the primary tools for achieving all twelve of the principles of Green
chemistry that was designed and set by Anastas
Example: manufacture of cumene utilization of substances that posses
little or no toxicity to human health or the environment.
Traditional reaction: solid phosphoric acid or aluminium trichloride catalyse the
benzene alkylation with propene. Theese catalysts: corrosive and hazardous
wastes (no Green )
Green chemistry: Mobil-Badger cumene process using zeolite as a catalyst
environmentally inert and gives high yield of product.
Industrial Process Using Solid Acid Catalyst
Introduction
Biocatalysis:
the use of a biological system to catalyse the conversion of a single material (the
substrate) to a defined product has a long hystory in organic
chemistry, and specific biocatalytic steps have ben used in the industrial
production of both bulk and fine chemicals for many years.
Enzymes ability: to catalyse organic reactions in the moderate pH range of 4 9 at
reasonable temperatures (usually 1 - 50 C) and without extremes of pressure or
the addition of metals can provide an environmentally acceptable method of
performing many reactions that otherwise may require highly acidic or alkaline
environments, high energy input for heating or toxic metal catalysts.
Biocatalysis
> Production of Acetic acid from ethanol using a strain of Acetobacter (200 years)
Utilization of nitrile hydratase enzyme from Rhodococcus to convert acrylonitrile
into acrylamide (Fig. 9.1) replaced a chemical process involving acid catalysis and
eliminated the formation of acrylic acid as a side product.
Biocatalytic nitrile hydrolysis has been employed systematically by the Lonza group
as a method for production of subtituted nicotinic acids and nicotinamide (Fig. 9.2)
Food industry: the uses of the B-galactosidase for the conversion of lactose into
glucose and galactose (Fig. 9.4)
Big scale industrial biotransformation is currently the conversion of glucose to
fructose by the enzym glucose isomerase.
Biocatalytic process: the conversion of the fermentation product penicillin G into
6-aminopenicillanic acid by the enzyme penicillin acylasi (Fig. 9.5)
Biotransformation:
carried out under neutral conditions and without the need for elevated
temperatures; anhydrous conditions and organic solvents to avoid decomposition
of the reactive product.
Friedal-Craft Reaction
N 2 + H2 NH3
1.)> Photochemical reaction is initiated by the absorption of light, rather than by heat
or the action of conventional reagents. The activation energy needed is provided
by photons, which are non-material and disappear in the process. Photons
therefore can be regarded as ideal reagents: they activate reactions without
directly generating any by-products; non-toxic, avoiding the need for recovery and
disposal of harmful waste will reduce overall processing costs.
2)> Photoreactions often can be carried out without heating the reaction mixture and
the reaction vessel, thus saving energy and reducing thermal decomposition of the
product.
(see Chapter 18, page 417)
ELECTROLYSIS
Electrochemistry present a powerful method for promoting reactions:
- Within a potential scan of approximately 6,0 V it offers a vast range of opportunity
- Powerful oxidants (e.g. ozone) and reductants (e.g. solvated electrons, alkali metal)
The benefit in the use electrochemistry for greener and more sustainable processes:
- Mild chemical conditions
- Ease of control
- High process selectivity
- Novel chemistry available
- Mild process conditions
- Safer operation
- The electron is an inexpensive reagent
Electrochemisty can make a significant contribution to sustainability by satisfying a
range of targets for green chemistry:
SELESAI
Fuel cells exhibit a number of advantages over alternative techniques for the
generation of electricity from chemical fuels. These advantages can be summarised
as follows:
(1) High theoretical efficiency, especially at low
operation temperatures and low load levels.
(2) Low levels of pollutant emissions due to clean
fuels, e.g. methanol or desulfurised natural gas,
and because they operate at temperatures below
that required for NOx formation.
(3) No moving parts, hence fuel cells tend to be
quiet during operation and require less on-site
maintenance than generators with moving parts.
(4) Fuel flexibility and internal reforming is possible,
especially with the high-temperature fuel
cells.
(5) Modular construction, hence the size of the fuel
cell unit can be tailored to local energy needs.
(6) Waste heat can be used, transforming the fuel
cell into a combined heat and power unit. The
ratio of heat to electrical power can be altered by
adjusting the efficiency of the fuel cell.