WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION

1 IT Year 3
 Introduction
Telecommunications
Is the key enabler of economic and social development of a
nation
Increase the efficiency of commercial and administrative
activities

Improve the effectiveness of social and emergency services

Distribute the social, cultural and economic benefits of the
process of development more equitably throughout the country
Provides universal service for rural and remote communities
The services are provided using wired or wireless
communication systems.
Introduction

Over the last century, advances in

wireless technologies have led to
the radio, the television, the mobile
telephone, and communications
satellites.

All types of information can now be

sent to almost every corner of the
world.
Recently, a great deal of attention
has been focused on satellite
communications, wireless
networking, and cellular3
WHAT IS WIRELESS COMMUNICATION?

Transmitting/receiving voice and data

using electromagnetic waves in open space.

The information from sender to receiver is

carried over a well defined channel.

Each channel has a fixed frequency

bandwidth & capacity(bit rate).

Different channels can be used to transmit

information in parallel and
independently. 4
WHY WIRELESS COMMUNICATION?
Freedom from wires.
No bunch of wires running from here
and there.
Auto Magical instantaneous
communication without physical
connection setup e.g.- Bluetooth, Wi-Fi.
Global coverage
Communication can reach where wiring
is infeasible or costly
E.g.- rural
areas,buildings,battlefield,outerspace.
Stay connected, flexibility to connect
multiple devices. 5
How communication takes place?

Satellite
Received Signal
Transmitting Signal

Transmitting Receiving
Antenna Antenna
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 TYPICAL FREQUENCIES

FM RADIO 88 MHZ
TV BROADCAST 200 MHZ
GSM PHONES 900 MHZ
GPS 1.2 GHZ
PCS PHONES 1.8 GHZ
BLUETOOTH 2.4 GHZ
Wi-Fi 2.4 GHZ

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TYPES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION?

CURRENT WIRELESS SYSTEMS

CELLULAR SYSTEM

WIRELESS LANs

SATELLITE SYSTEM

PANs(BLUETOOTH)

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What is cellular system?
Wireless communication technology in which several
small exchanges (called cells) equipped with low-
power radio antennas (strategically located over a
wide geographical area) are interconnected through
a central exchange. As a receiver (cell phone) moves
from one place to the next, its identity, location, and
radio frequency is handed-over by one cell to
another without interrupting a call.

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Cellular Telephone Systems
Provide connection to the PSTN for any
user location within the radio range of
the system.
Characteristic
Large number of users
Large Geographic area
Limited frequency spectrum
Reuse of the radio frequency by the concept
of cell.
Basic cellular system: mobile stations,
base stations, and mobile switching
center.

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 Example of Mobile Radio Systems

Examples
Cordless phone
Remote controller
Hand-held walkie-talkies
Pagers
Cellular telephone
Wireless LAN
Mobile - any radio terminal that could be
moves during operation
Portable - hand-held and used at walking
speed
Subscriber - mobile or portable user

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Wireless local area network(WLAN)

WLAN connect local computers

Range (100 m) confined region
Break data into packets
Channel access is shared
Backbone internet provides best service
Poor performance in some application like videos
Low mobility

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Satellite system

Global coverage
Optimized for good transmission
Expensive base stations.
Voice and data transmission
Telecommunication application
GPS , global telephone connection
TV broadcasting , military , weather
broadcasting

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Satellite system
The advantages of satellite communication
over terrestrial communication are:
The coverage area of a satellite greatly
exceeds that of a terrestrial system.
Transmission cost of a satellite is
independent of the distance from the
center of the coverage area.
Satellite to Satellite communication is very
precise.
Higher Bandwidths are available for use.
Two Stations on Earth want to communicate
through radio broadcast but are too far away to
use conventional means.
One Earth Station sends a transmission to the
satellite. This is called a Uplink(Reverse).
The satellite Transponder converts the signal and
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PANs(BLUETOOTH) system
Broad coverage for short messages
Message broadcast from all base stations
Simple terminals
Optimized for one way transmission
Overtaken by cellular
INFRARED AND MILIMETER WAVES:- Widely used
for short range communication , unable to
pass through solid objects , used for indoor
wireless LANs , not for outdoors.

Wireless technology for short-range voice and data communication

Low-cost and low-power
Pager system
Provides a communication platform between a wide range of smart
devices
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Not limited to line of sight communication
Motivation

Digital Camera
Computer

Scanner

Inkjet
Printer

Home Audio System PDA Cordless Phone

Cell Phone Base Station
Bluetooth Applications
Automatic synchronization between
mobile and stationary devices
Connecting mobile users to the internet
using bluetooth-enabled wire-bound
connection ports
Dynamic creation of private networks
Synchronization
Keep data on different devices
synchronized without using a cable
Example:
Walk into office and have your PDA synch
with your laptop on your desk without even
taking your PDA out of your briefcase
Advantages and disadvantages of wireless communication

Advantages:
Working professionals can work and access
Internet anywhere and anytime without
carrying cables or wires wherever they go. This
also helps to complete the work anywhere on
time and improves the productivity.
A wireless communication network is a solution
in areas where cables are impossible to install
(e.g. hazardous areas, long distances etc.)
Wireless networks are cheaper to install and
maintain

Disadvantages:
Has security vulnerabilities
High costs for setting the infrastructure
Unlike wired communication, wireless
communication is influenced by physical
obstructions, climatic conditions, interference 19
from other wireless devices
wireless network
What is a wireless network
A technology that enables two or
more entities to communicate
without network cabling

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Types of wireless networks

Wireless PAN

Wireless LAN

Wireless MAN

Wireless WAN

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Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN):

Wireless Personal Area Network

(WPAN): WPANs are short-range
networks that use Bluetooth
technology. They are commonly
used to interconnect compatible
devices near a central location,
such as a desk.

The two current technologies

for wireless personal area
networks are Infra Red (IR) and
Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15). These will
allow the connectivity of
personal devices within an area of 22
WPAN
Bluetooth
Infrared

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Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN):

WLAN are wireless networks

that use radio waves.
The backbone network
usually uses cables, with one
or more wireless access points
connecting the wireless users
to the wired network.
The range of a WLAN can be
anywhere from a single room
to an entire campus.
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Wireless LANs
WiFi Networks: 802.11

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WMANS: Wireless Metropolitan Area Network

This technology allows the

connection of multiple networks
in a metropolitan area such as
different buildings in a city, which
can be an alternative or backup to
laying copper or fiber cabling.

One standard body is primarily

responsible for implementing WMANs:
IEEE 802.16 WiMAX:

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 Wireless MANs
WiMaX Networks: 802.16
Mesh Networks: Multi-hop WiFi

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WWANS: Wireless Wide Area Networks

These types of networks can be

maintained over large areas, such
as cities or countries, via multiple
satellite systems or antenna sites
looked after by an ISP.

WWANs are created through the

use of mobile phone signals
typically provided and maintained
by specific mobile phone (cellular)
service providers.
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Wireless WANs
Cellular Networks: GSM, GPRS, CDMA
Satellite Networks: Iridium

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 1G Wireless Systems-Characteristics

Appeared in late 1970s and deployed in

early 1980s
All based on analog techniques
All used FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple
Access )
Voice information only
Unsafe eavesdropping
Waste of frequency resource
Operates at 450-900 MHz frequency band
System capacity is low
Data rate is <10 kbps
 1G Wireless Systems-Some Standards
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System
- by AT&T Bell Labs in 1970s deployed in 1983
-the number of users that can be supported
was limited.
-used all over the world & popular in
South America, China and Australia.
ETACS: European Total Access Communication
Systems. - channel bandwidth is scaled to 25
kHz instead of 30 kHz as in AMPS.
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony): North Europe
TACS (Total Access Communication Service):
Europe, China
HCMTS (High Capacity Mobile Telephone System):
Japan
2G Wireless Systems - Characteristics

Deployed in mid 1990s

Fully Digital network elements
TDMA/CDMA for spectrum sharing; Circuit
switching
Operates at 900-1800 MHz frequency band
3-times increase in overall system capacity.
supported voice-centric services and limited
data-service, like short messages(SMS), FAX, etc.
<9.6 kbps data rates
2G Wireless Systems- Some Standards
GSM (Global System for Mobile
communications)
- TDMA system, serves as the pan-European
cellular service, provides a wide range of
network service, including phone service, FAX,
short message service. Support 24.7 kbps data
rate.
USDC IS-136 (United States Digital Cellular)
-a TDMA system, similar to AMPS, it supports
more users (6 times) with improved
performance. Provides access to VPN, supports
short messages. Support 48.6 kbps data rate.
IS-95 (United States Digital Cellular Standard )
-a CDMA standard also designed to be
compatible with AMPS through using of
CDMA/AMPS dual mode phones and base
stations. Capacity is 8~10 times that of AMPS.
Support 14.4 kbps data rate.
Advantages of GPRS

Upgrade of existed GSM network

Improves the data communication
ability
Higher data rate
Seamless connection to internet
Packet switching rather than
circuit switch, bandwidth is only
used when the data is actually used,
even though it is always connected
A primary step to 3G
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 3G Wireless Systems -Aim
Simultanous voice and data
transmission
Faster Internet access -Interactive web
sessions
Video calling
Multimedia Content - voice, data &
video
Universal global roaming
384kbps while moving 2Mbps when
stationary
3G phones
Apple I phone 3G,
LG KF 750,
Nokia 5800 express music,
 3G Wireless Systems Some Standards
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System) - 3GPP
-A wideband CDMA (5MHz) standard based on
the network fundamentals of GSM/EDGE, is
designed to provide backward compatibility
with GSM, IS-136, GPRS and EDGE. Can support
2Mbps data rate. New RF equipment needed.
CDMA 2000 - 3GPP2 Use same bandwidth as IS-95
or 3 adjacent 1.25MHz channels (3-times
bandwidth as that of IS-95) to provide
instantaneous packet data access at 144kbps
or 2Mbps. No additional RF equipment needed,
changes are all made in software or baseband
hardware.
TD-SCDMA (Time-division Synchronous CDMA) A
standard proposed by CATT (China Academy
and Telecommunications Technology) and
Features
Better voice quality
Up to 2 Mbps data communication rate
Increase battery life
Soft hand-off
Excellent data safety
More effective spectrum usage than 2G

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 4G Wireless systems
Next G or Beyond 3G

Highly integrated
High bandwidth / high-speed wireless
Highly compatible with wired
network infrastructures
provides mobile ultra-
broadband Internet access
Integration of multi-networks using
IP technology
applications include mobile
web access, IP telephony, gaming
services, high-definition mobile TV,
video conferencing and 3D television.
 4G Wireless systems-Some standards

commercially deployed:

i) the Mobile WiMAX standard &

ii)Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard

42
 What is wireless communication?
In layman language it is
communication in which information
is transferred between two or more
points without any wire.
Modes of wireless communication!
Bluetooth

NFC (Near Field Communication)

Wifi

Lifi
 What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is a method for data
communication that used short
range radio links to replace cables
between computers and their
connected units.
Named on Danish king harald
Bluetooth
Developed in Scandinavia.
 How does Bluetooth works?
Bluetooth networking transmits data via low-
power radio waves. It communicates on a
frequency of 2.45 gigahertz.
Bluetooth doesn't require line of sight
between communicating devices.
Bluetooth can connect up to eight
devices simultaneously.
Bluetooth uses a technique called spread-
spectrum frequency hopping
 Bluetooth is essentially a networking
standard that works at two levels:
It provides agreement at the physical level --
Bluetooth is a radio-frequency standard.
It provides agreement at the protocol level,
where products have to agree on when bits
are sent, how many will be sent at a time, and
how the parties in a conversation can be sure
that the message received is the same as the
message sent.
 Applications of bluetooth!

Bluetooth speakers
Bluetooth headphones
Cable less connections to the printers
Bluetooth keyboard
Etc
 (NEAR FIELD
COMMUNICATION)
 What is NFC?
NFC is a short-range high frequency wireless
communication technology that enables the
exchange of data between devices over about
a 10 cm distance.
It allows devices to establish peer-to-peer
radio communications, passing data from one
device to another by touching them or putting
them very close together.
 How NFC works?
NFC came out of RFID. RFID, or radio-frequency
identification, is the technology used by superstores to
keep track of goods, it uses electromagnetic induction
in order to transmit information. NFC is similar
technology, but standardized for consumer
smartphones.
NFC is a means of sending data over radio waves. In
that sense it is similar to Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, but unlike
those protocols (and like RFID) NFC can be used to
induce electric currents within passive components as
well as just send data. And it is faster than Bluetooth.
 Benefits over Bluetooth..
The significant advantage of NFC over
Bluetooth is the shorter set-up time.
Due to its shorter range, NFC provides a
higher degree of security than Bluetooth and
makes NFC suitable for crowded areas.
NFC can also work when one of the devices is
not powered by a battery.
Unlike Bluetooth, no pairing code is needed.
 Applications

NFC chips or tags are very small in size, it can

be embedded in the movie posters, real estate
agent posters etc.
Health care department.
NFC will replace car keys, ID badges and
credit/debit cards.
Implementation in food packaging, flyers and
merchandisers as well.
 What is wifi?
Wifi or wireless fidelity, allows you to access the internet
while on the move; you can remain online while moving
from one area to another in a wireless mode.

Wifi enabled computers send and receive data indoors

and out ;anywhere within the range of a base station.

Its just as fast as cable modem connection.

Wifi is a generic term that refers to the IEEE 802.11

communications standard for wireless local area
networks(WLANs)
 Hot Spot : Hotspot is a readily available
wireless connection.
Access Point : It serves as the communication
hub so that a wireless device
can gain access to a cabled network.
 Lifi? (light fidelity)
lifi is transmission of data through
illumination by taking the fiber out of fiber
optics by sending data through LED light bulb.
This varies in intensity faster than human eye
can follow.
It is the fast and cheap wireless
communication system which is optical
version of wifi.
 Applications

In vehicles and traffic lights.

In aircrafts and underwater.
Hospitals
Street lamps
Petroleum and Chemical industries
Advantages of wireless communication

Wireless
Speed
Cost
Durability
Flexibility
Place of device
 Disadvantages of wireless
communication

Power consumption

Security issues

Compatibility issues
THANK YOU!!