By:

SuRiYa & NuR FaTiN

 What is meant by Cloning??

The process of making a clone, a

genetically identical copy. Cloning can
refer to the technique of producing a
genetically identical copy of an organism
by replacing the nucleus of an unfertilized
ovum with the nucleus of a body cell from
the organism.
 hIsTOry Of CloNinG
• Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a
female domestic sheep remarkable in being the
first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell,
using the process of nuclear transfer.

• The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly

was taken from a mammary gland, and the production of
a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a
specific part of the body could recreate a whole
individual. As Dolly was cloned from part of a mammary
gland, she was named after the famously curvaceous
country western singer Dolly Parton.
• Dolly lived for her entire life at the Roslin Institute. There
she was bred with a Welsh mountain rem and produced
six lambs in total. Her first lamb called Bonnie, was born
in April 1998. The next year Dolly produced twin lambs
Sally and Rosie, and she gave birth to triplets Lucy,
Darcy and Cotton in the year after that
 TyPES Of CloNing…

1. Artificial cloning
a) gene cloning
b) reproductive cloning
c) therapeutic cloning
2. Natural
Example: Bacteria - produce genetically identical
offspring through a process called asexual
reproduction
 GeNe Cloning…
• Consists of inserting a gene from one organism,
often referred to as "foreign DNA," into the genetic
material of a carrier called a vector.

• Examples of vectors include bacteria, yeast cells,

viruses or plasmids, which are small DNA circles carried
by bacteria

• After the gene is inserted, the vector is placed in

laboratory conditions that prompt it to multiply, resulting
in the gene being copied many times over.
 Reproductive cloning
• Researchers remove a mature somatic cell, such as
a skin cell or an udder cell, from an animal that they wish
to copy.
• They then transfer the DNA of the donor animal's
somatic cell into an egg cell, or oocyte, that has had its
own DNA-containing nucleus removed.
• Researchers can add the DNA from the somatic cell
to the empty egg in two different ways
• In the first method, they remove the DNA-containing
nucleus of the somatic cell and inject it into the empty
egg. In the second approach, they use an electrical
current to fuse the entire somatic cell with the empty egg.
 Therapeutic cloning
• Therapeutic cloning involves creating a cloned embryo for
the sole purpose of producing embryonic stem cells with
the same DNA as the donor cell. These stem cells can be
used in experiments aimed at understanding disease and
developing new treatments for disease. To date, there is
no evidence that human embryos have been produced for
therapeutic cloning.

• The richest source of embryonic stem cells is tissue

formed during the first five days after the egg has started
to divide. At this stage of development, called the
blastocyst, the embryo consists of a cluster of about 100
cells that can become any cell type. Stem cells are
harvested from cloned embryos at this stage of
development, resulting in destruction of the embryo while it
is still in the test tube.
 AdVantages
Solution to infertility

• Women that are infertile can have their own babies with the
help of this technique by implanting the cloned embryos into
their bodies. This can eliminate the mental and physical pains
among the infertile couples.
• Guys and lesbians can have their own babies with the
technique of cloning. For lesbians, one of them can provide the
egg, and the other one can provide the genes. For guys, they
can do it as the same way, just they need to find a surrogate
mother.
• Furthermore, with the help of cloning, we can save the species
facing extinction.
Provide organs for transplantation

• For example, pig livers can be transplant to a patient which

suffers from liver failure but there is no human liver available.
In this case, the pig liver can be transplanted to the patient
temporarily until he can find a suitable human liver.

• There is a case in San Francisco in 1988. A girl called Anissa

suffered from cancer. The only therapy was to kill all the stem
cells by high toxic. But she could not live without stem cells.
The parents of Anissa had found for suitable bone marrow for
transplantation. But failed to do so. So they decided to have
another baby which may provided suitable bone marrow. (The
comparability is 25%.) They performed the bone marrow
transplantation when her sister was 14 month old. 5 years later,
Anissa recovered.
Provide treatments for variety diseases

• Cloning of stem cells will provide treatments for variety diseases.

Because stem cells can turn into many other cell types with the
right prompting, doctors may be able to replace tissues and
organs damaged by disease or injury to restore healthy function.

• Therapeutic applications of stem cells potentially could treat

illnesses including: Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s
disease, stroke, heart attack, multiple sclerosis, blood, bone and
bone marrow ailments, severe burns by providing skin grafts,
spinal cord injuries, and cancer patients who have lost cells and
tissue to radiation and chemotherapy.

• In addition, stem cells could be harnessed and packaged to deliver

gene therapies to specific targets in the body to treat genetic
problems.
The healthiness of infants

• Cloning can eliminate all the worrying regarding the child’s

health.

• Scientist can alter the genes to ensure a healthy child.

• For example, if a mother has given birth to 2 children which

suffered from Down’s syndrome. Doctors can manipulate and
balance out the number of chromosomes in the embryo to give
the mother a normal and healthy child.
Better understanding of genetic diseases

• Scientists and ethicists who favor human cloning research

argue that cloning may provide a better understanding of the
nature of genetic diseases and aid in the production of
embryos from which cells could be obtained to grow various
organs for organ transplant.
Help improve lives

• The cloning of genetic modified animals can have certain

medical, agricultural and industrial applications. For example,
genetically modified cattle can produce milk with certain drugs
inside in mass production.  
 DisAdvantages..
The uncertainty of science technology

• Science and technology cannot solve everything.

• In cloning Dolly, it resulted in the death of many embryos

and newborns before success achieved. (The Dolly
experiment started with 277 fused eggs, of which only 29
became embryos. All the embryos were transferred to 13
sheep. 1 became pregnant with Dolly.)

• In addition, even if the human clone survived, it is not

guaranteed that it would develop normally.
Losing the diversity of genes

• Human can live on the Earth relies on the diversity of genes.

And the diversity of genes comes from parents having different
sets of genes.

• The most horrendous part of identical genes is that it will

weaken our power and adaptations, which make us subjected
to great diseases easily.

• In addition, human cloning is just copying the identical genes,

which means it will decrease the diversity of genes.

• Furthermore, the beauty of humanity lies in the differences we

see in each other. Cloning would eliminate surprise and predict
expectancy.
The great diseases and leading to extinction

• Entire human is at a risk of getting infected by the same type

of pathogen.

• In scientific point of view, if every one has the same type of

genes and they are closed to each other they may not defend
against the same kind of serious disease. Then cloning will
be detrimental in terms of a great disaster.

• Another negative effect of cloning is inbreeding, as everyone

has the same genotype and keep reproducing among
themselves. This would lead us to our own extinction finally.
Cloning is “playing God”

• Adam and Eve have all the power, except they cannot eat the
fruit of the tree that gives knowledge of what is good and
what is bad. If they do so, they will die. So, it is believed that
human cloning is out of the God’s permission.

• There is no evidence that proves humans have the right to

change God’s will.
Transgressing the nature

• Human cloning transgresses nature, because it is not via the

natural reproductive process, which is by a man and a woman.
Human cloning is creating life.
 That’s All..
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