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+ + 2 21 z22 I 2
z 11
z 22
V 1 V 2 V1 z11I1 z12 I 2
zI + + z21I1
12 2
V2 z21I1 z22 I 2
At port 1 At port 2
Open-circuit V2
Open-circuit reverse z V1 z22
transimpedance 12
I 2 I1 0 output impedance I 2 I1 0
At port 1 At port 2
Short-circuit I2
Short-circuit reverse y I1 y22
transadmittance 12
V2 V1 0 output admittance V2 V1 0
V 1 V 2 V1 h11I1 h12V2
hV + hI21 1
12 2
I 2 h21I1 h22V2
At port 1 At port 2
Open-circuit I2
Open-circuit reverse h V1 h22
voltage gain 12
V2 I1 0 output admittance V2 I1 0
At port 1 At port 2
Short-circuit V2
Short-circuit reverse g I1 g 22
current gain 12
I 2 V1 0 output impedance I 2 V1 0
Z
6 6
Z
12 0
Z
18 6
6 6 0 3 6 9
Note: (1) z-matrix in the last circuit = sum of two former z-matrices
(2) z-parameters is normally used in analysis of series-series circuits
(3) Z12 = Z21 (reciprocal circuit)
(4) Z12 = Z21 and Z11 = Z22 (symmetrical and reciprocal circuit)
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 6
y-parameter example
I1 0.05S I2 I1 0.1S 0.2S I2
+ + + +
V1 V2 V1 V2
0.025S
1
1 1
y11 0.05S y22 0.05S y11 0.0692S
0.1 0.2 0.025
I1 0.05V2 1
y12 0.05S 1 1
V2 V1 0 V2 y22 0.0769S
0.2 0.1 0.025
I2 0.05V1 I1
y21 0.05S y12
V1 V2 0 V1 V2 V1 0
0.05 0.05 But I 2 y22V2 0.0769V2
y I1 I 2 I1
0.05 0.05
0.1 0.025
I1 0.8 I 2 0.0615V2
y12 0.0615S
By reciprocal , y21 y12 0.0615S
0.0692 0.0615
y
0.0615 0.0769
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 7
y-parameter example (Cont)
y11 0.05 0.692 0.1192 0.05S
y22 0.05 0.769 0.1269
I1
I1 0.1S 0.2S I2
y21 y12
V2 V1 0 + +
I 2 y22V2 0.1269V2 V1 V2
0.05 0.025S
I 0.05S I 2 0.05V2
0.1269
I 0.2 S I 2 I 0.05S 0.0769V2 Note: the y-matrix is equal to
0. 1 the sum of two former ones.
I 0.1S 0.0769V2 0.0615V2
0.1 0.025 Therefore, y-parameters is
I1 0.0615V2 0.05V2 0.1115V2 normally used in analysis of
y12 0.1115 y21 shunt-shunt circuits
0.1115
Y
0.1192 What connection should be for
0.1115 0.1269 h- or g- parameters?
Vf : feedback factor
= Vf / Vo
V f Vo
+ Vo
Vi Vi V V f Vo
A
(Close Loop Voltage Gain)
+
Vf=Vo V
ACL o (
1 T
)
Vi 1 T
where T A
Feedback network
And, we get
Voltage amplifier voltage-controlled
Vi A
voltage source Vo
Requires high input impedance, low 1 A
output impedance Vi V (1 A )
Voltage-voltage feedback
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 13
Input/Output Resistance (Series-Shunt)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
Vi (Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
Rin Vo
Ii Rout |Vi 0 ro Io
Io
Vi (1 T ) V
Vo A V
V Vi Io + AV
+
Vo
Ii ro
ri (1 T ) ri
V Vo Vi 0
Vi
Rin (1 T ) ri V Vo
Ii
Vo A Vo
Io
ro
Vo ro r
Rout o
Io 1 A 1 T
Vi +
V Vo Amplifier
Vi +
Vf V r r Vo
+
R2 AV
R1
Vf Vo
It is observed that: R1 R2
(1) Series connection in input ports Feedback
(2) Shunt connection in output ports
Series-Shunt connection Equivalent circuit
h-parameter should be used.
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 17
h-parameter analysis
I1
V1 V2 h11 f V1 R1 // R2
R1 R2
0.9
R2 I1 V2 0 R1 R2
R1 V1 I 2 R1 R1
h12 f 0.1
V2 I1 0 I 2 ( R1 R2 ) R1 R2
I2 I2 1 1
h22 f
V2 I1 0 I 2 ( R1 R2 ) R1 R2 10k
h 11f
1
h 22f
h V +
12f 2
And, we get
Feedback network I A
Vo i
1 A
I i I (1 A )
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 26
Input/Output Resistance (Shunt-Shunt)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
V
Rin i Vo
Ii Rout |Vi 0
Io
I ri
from input port,
I (1 T )
ri I I f Vo
(1 T ) from output port,
Vo AI Vo TVo
Io
ro ro
Vo ro
Rout
I o (1 T )
C1 RL
vS +
RF
I1 y11V1 y12V2 V1 RF V2
I 2 y21V1 y22V2
Feedback Network
I1 1
y11
V1 V2 0 RF
I I 1 I1 I2
y12 1 2
V2 V1 0 V 2 RF 1/RFVo
I2 1 V1 RF RF
y22
V2 V1 0 RF
y-parameter modeling
Series- Vo 1 T
( ) Rin (1 T ) ri R ro h-parameter
Shunt Vi 1 T out
1 T
Series- Io 1 T
( ) Rin (1 T ) ri Rout (1 T ) ro z-parameter
Series Vi 1 T
Shunt- Vo 1 T ri
( ) Rin ro y-parameter
Shun Ii 1 T Rout
1 T 1 T
Shunt- Io 1 T
( ri
Ii 1 T
) Rin Rout (1 T ) ro g-parameter
Series 1 T
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 33
Supplementary
+VCC
R1 100
RC 1k
R1 RC vo
vs R E 2 k
200
RE
r 10k
RE RE
RE
+
RE i 2