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PHOTOVOLTAIC THERMAL
HYBRID POWER SYSTEM

PREPARED BY:
NIRAV PATEL
GUIDED BY:
PROF.KINAL PATEL
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Contents
Introduction about the photovoltaic cell
Principle of photovoltaic thermal hybrid
power system
system confugration
Benefits
Application
Conclusion
PV Characteristics 3

Solar
radiation
100%

PV panel

Electricity
Waste 15%
85%
Heat
mostly
If waste heat is not removed PV can reach
temperatures of 40C above ambient
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Why should a solar device produce
both electricity and heat
Because user needs both
Easy to cell electricity
Hot water is also required-save
conventional energy
Use one system instead of two
Different systems:
One system for electricity (PV)
One system for solar thermal heat
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Why we should have a combined
system?
There is not enough roof space
PV/T is cheaper
PV/T is nicer (one system of same
appearance)
PV/T system is more efficient
It would be difficult to introduce PVs in
countries with good penetration of SWHs

A system producing electricity and hot water

has better chances of success.
Temperature increase of PV 6
modules
The temperature of PV modules increases by the
absorbed solar radiation that is not converted into
electricity causing a decrease in their efficiency.
For monocrystalline silicon solar cells efficiency
decreases by about 0.45% for every degree rise in
temperature.
For amorphous silicon cells the effect is less
pronounced, with a decrease of about 0.25% per
degree rise in temperature.
This undesirable effect can be partially avoided
by a proper heat extraction with a fluid
circulation.
In hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) solar
systems the reduction of PV module temperature
can be combined with a useful fluid heating.
PV Cooling 7

PV cooling is considered necessary to

keep electrical efficiency at a
satisfactory level.
Natural or forced air circulation are
simple and low cost methods to
remove heat from PV modules.
they are less effective if ambient air
temperature is over 20C.
To overcome this effect the heat can
be extracted by circulating water
through a heat exchanger that is
mounted at the rear surface of the PV
module.
Hybrid Systems 8

Hybrid PV/T systems can simultaneously provide

electrical and thermal energy, achieving a higher
energy conversion rate of the absorbed solar
radiation.
These systems consist of PV modules coupled to
heat extraction devices.
air or water of lower temperature than that of PV
modules is heated whilst at the same time the PV
module temperature is reduced.
Hybrid system construction 9
details
PV#1 PV#2 PV#3 PV#4
Glass cover

PV module

Insulation

Casing Heat exchanger

a. Hybrid PV/T panel c. Collector Cross section

Hot water
supply
Hot
Water
Hybrid
Cylinder
PV/T Pump
panels

Mains water
make-up
b. complete system diagrammatic
Cooling of PV with Air 10

Stand alone panels BIPV

PV panel
PV panel

Wall

Air flow by natural means Air flow

Air flow is used on purpose to

lower temperature of PV and wall
Cooling of PV with Water 11

To increase the system

operating temperature, an
additional transparent
cover is necessary (like
PV/T UNGLAZED the glazing of the typical
solar thermal collectors),
but this has as a result the
decrease of the PV
electrical output from the
additional absorption and
reflection of the solar
radiation.

PV/T GLAZED
Benefits of hybrid systems 12

PV/T systems provide a higher energy output

than standard PV modules and could be cost
effective if the additional cost of the thermal
unit is low.
Air type PV/T systems are applied in buildings,
usually integrated on their inclined roof or
faade.
By using these systems the electrical output of
the PV is increased, while avoiding building
overheating during summer and covering
part of the building space heating needs
during winter.
The water type PV/T systems can be practical
devices for water heating (mainly domestic
hot water).
Air hybrid systems 13

Air systems use ducts and fans to draw

air from PV to heat a space.
Air is drawn from ambient which is at
lower temperature compared to that
of PV.
Electricity is required for the operation
of the fan which can be taken either
from mains or from PV.
PV operation is preferred as system operates
when there is sunshine and PV produces
power.
Water hybrid systems 14

Water can circulate through pipes in contact

with a flat sheet, placed in thermal contact
with the rear surface of the PV module.
The PV/T system consists of the thermal unit
for water heat extraction, the necessary
pump and the external pipes for fluid
circulation to extract the heat from PV
module and transfer it to the final use.
Electricity is required for the circulation
pumps which can be provided either from
mains or from PV.
PV operation is preferred as system operates
when there is sunshine and PV produces power.
Water hybrid systems 15
Advantages
Water from mains usually remains
under 20C throughout the year in low
latitude countries, which have high air
temperatures during summer.
Therefore, water heating is useful during all
seasons for most applications.
PV/T systems could be cost effective if
the additional cost of the thermal unit
is low and the extracted heat is
effectively used.
System is compact.
Water hybrid systems 16
Disadvantages
Suitable for low temperature applications like domestic water
heating.
Water heat extraction is more expensive than air (need for
heat exchanger).
Water leakages are more problematic.
Some form of storage is usually required.
Other considerations 17

The increase of the electrical output of PV/T

systems is of priority, as the cost of PV
modules is much higher than that of the
thermal unit.
It is required to have as low temperature for
the PV and as high for the thermal unit.
Stabilising the temperature of the PV modules
at a lower level is highly desirable and offers
two additional advantages:
the increase of the effective life of the PV
modules
the stabilisation of the current-voltage
characteristic curve of the solar cells.
Also the solar cells act as good heat
collectors and are fairly good selective
absorbers (usually are of black or deep blue
colour).
Consumption profiles 18

The present model considers that the

system is applied to a house of four
persons.
For this application, both electricity
and hot water consumption (load)
profiles are required.
Both of these loads are subject to a
high degree of variation from day to
day and from consumer to consumer,
however, it is impractical to use
anything but a repetitive load profile.
Economic Analysis 19

The economic analysis of the system

was performed by considering the
extra cost required to modify the PV
modules and the other equipment
required for the construction of the
hybrid system against the extra energy
benefit obtained by the modified
system,
i.e., extra electrical energy above the
one obtained from non-hybrid PV
module and the thermal energy
output.
CONCLUSIONS-1 20

Hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T)

collector systems may be applied in
order to achieve maximum energy
output by simultaneous electricity and
heat generation.
In this way the energy efficiency of
the systems is increased considerably
and the cost of the total energy
output is expected to be lower than
that of plain photovoltaic modules.
CONCLUSIONS-2 21

Photovoltaic modules need to be

cooled to retain their high efficiency.
This can be done with water or air. The
heated fluid can either be disposed or
used for the heating needs of a
building.
Hybrid PV/T systems when properly
designed provide benefits. These offer
a possibility to increase the
effectiveness of PV systems by
providing both electricity and heat.
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Thank you