Dinoflagellates

Pengertian
Dinoflagellates adalah protista yang tidak bergerak dan
berlabel Dinoflagelata modern pertama digambarkan
oleh Baker pada tahun 1753 Dinoflagellata pertama kali
didefinisikan oleh Otto Btschli pada tahun 1885 sebagai
ordo bendera Dinoflagellida. Ahli botani memperlakukan
mereka sebagai pembagian alga, diberi nama
Pyrrhophyta setelah bentuk bioluminescent. Mereka juga
disebut Dinophyta atau Dinoflagellata Lebih dari 2000
spesies Secara tradisional digolongkan sebagai alga
Sebagian besar mikroskopis, namun beberapa
mencapai diameter hingga 2mm
 Evolution
Dinoflagellates are
considered to be among the
most primitive of the
eukaryotic group, the fossil
record of the group may
extend into the Precambrian
period
Dinoflagellates are thought to
have evolved from an early
eukaryotic ancestral stock
following the evolution of
repeated DNA
Combine primitive
characteristics of prokaryotes
and advanced eukaryotic
features
 Structure
All dinoflagellates are
surrounded by a
complex covering
called the amphiesma
In most dinoflagellates, Gonyaulax polyedra

this covering consists of

cellulose plates referred
to as armor
Others are naked

Karina brevis
 Structure
Dinoflagellates have
two dissimilar flagella Cingulum
The transverse flagellum
lies in a groove called the
cingulum and provides
forward motion and spin
The longitudinal flagellum
lies in a groove called the
sulcus and trails behind
providing some
propulsive force, but Sulcus
acting mainly as a rudder
 Structure
There are three basic cell extensions:
Lists
Horns
Spines

Horns
 Cell Biology
The cytoplasm of
dinoflagellates contains
typical eukaryotic
organelles
Dinoflagellates may also
contain one or several
distinctive organelles
pusule
eyespot
ocellus
chloroplasts
 Cell Biology
The dinoflagellate nucleus is
unusual:
Most dinoflagellates are
distinguished by a dinokaryon,
a special eukaryotic nucleus
containing fibrillar
chromosomes that remain N
condensed during the cell cycle
and a unique external mitotic
spindle.
In most dinoflagellates, the
nucleus is dinokaryotic
throughout the entire life cycle.
Peridinium spp.
 Cell Biology
Chloroplasts:
bound by three membranes
and contain chlorophylls a
and c and fucoxanthin, as well
as other accessory pigments
a few have chloroplasts with
different pigmentation and
structure, some with a
nucleus
dinoflagellate chloroplasts
may be remnants of diatoms Ceratium furca
ingested by a heterotrophic
flagellate, which may have
been the ancestor of modern
dinoflagellates.
 Life Cycle
Most dinoflagellates are
haploid and reproduce
primarily by asexual cell
division (mitosis)
sexual reproduction
also occurs through
fusion of two individuals
to form a zygote
may remain mobile in
typical dinoflagellate form
may form a resting cyst,
which later undergoes
meiosis to produce new
haploid cells
Pfiesteria piscicida life cycle
 Ecology
In addition to living in
the open ocean,
dinoflagellates colonize
tidal pools, sediments,
sea-ice environments
and freshwater
ecosystems
The distribution of
dinocysts may follow
patterns based on
latitude, temperature,
salinity, water depth
and ocean circulation
Phytoplankton bloom in near Svalbard
systems. in Barents Sea, Aug 13, 2002
 Ecology
Many dinoflagellates
are heterotrophs and
have evolved various
mechanisms to ingest
prey
Some are autotrophs
Many species are
capable of both
heterotrophy and
photosynthesis mixotrophic dinoflagellate Ceratium furca
(mixotrophic)
 Ecology
Some dinoflagellates
are predators and feed
on bacteria,
phytoplankton and
smaller dinoflagellates
Some target larger
prey, such as
copepods, crustaceans
and fish Ingestion of cryptophytes by G. galatheanum,
brightfield (movie)
 Ecology
Some dinoflagellate
species, called
zooxanthellae, are
endosymbionts of marine
animals and protozoa
lack characteristic armor
and flagella, appear as
spherical,golden-brown
globules in their host
cells

Symbiodinium microadriaticum
 These play an important part in the biology of
coral reefs
provide nutrients for coral
accelerate skeletal formation (calcification)
give coral its color
receive shelter in return
Coral bleaching occurs when reef-building
corals lose their endosymbiotic
dinoflagellates
Oblique Coral, Vadoo Diving Oblique Coral, Vadoo Diving Oblique Coral, Vadoo Diving
Paradise, Maldives, Feb 1997 Paradise, Maldives, Dec 1997 Paradise, Maldives, Mar 1999
 Ecology
Dinoflagellate infections
have been reported for
a wide range of host
organisms including
sarcodines, ciliates, free
living dinoflagellates,
various invertebrates,
and a few vertebrates.
Some dinoflagellates
parasitize other
Blue crab cardiac tissue infected with Hematodinium spp.
parasitic dinoflagellates.
 Ecology
The Dinoflagellata are
sometimes called
Pyrrhophyta (fire plants)
because some species are
capable of bioluminescence.
Bioluminescent
dinoflagellates begin to glow
as it gets dark, and brighten
considerably when agitated.
The expression of
bioluminescence is
controlled by an internal
biological rhythm.
Model of circadian rhythm
Noctiluca spp.
 Significance
Primary Producers
Important primary
producers in both
marine (particularly
on-shore) and
freshwater
environments
 Significance
Harmful Algal Blooms
occur when a dinoflagellate species multiplies until it
dominates the phytoplankton community - high
concentrations cause the water to become discolored
often called "red tides" but can also appear green, yellow, or
brown, depending on the type of dinoflagellate involved
considered harmful because dinoflagellates produce potent
toxins
blooms can kill fish and other marine organisms, poison
people who eat contaminated shellfish, and cause
respiratory distress in susceptible people
Florida Red Tide Bloom of
Gymnodinium breve

Fish kill caused by Ceratium furca and Prorocentrum

micans. 60 tons of lobster and 1500 tons of fish washed
up on shore on West African west coast, Mar 1994.
 Types of dinoflagellate related illnesses
(human):
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP): considered by
some scientists to be the most common and globally
widespread phytoplankton related seafood illness.
Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP): gastrointestinal
and neurological symptoms from eating shellfish that
have fed on toxic Karenia brevis dinoflagellates
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP): PSP syndrome is
life-threatening and can result in respiratory arrest
within 24 hours of consuming shellfish laced with toxins
from feeding on Alexandrium spp.
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP): Ciguatera fish
poisoning is caused by biotoxins produced by
dinoflagellates that grow on seaweeds and other
surfaces in coral reef communities.
 Pfiesteria piscicida
normally exists in non-toxic forms, feeding on algae
and bacteria in the water and in sediments of tidal
rivers and estuaries
becomes toxic in the presence of fish, particularly
schooling fish, triggered by their secretions or
excrement in the water
Pfiesteria cells shift forms and emit a toxin that stuns
the fish, emits other toxins that break down fish skin
tissue, causing bleeding sores
As fish are incapacitated, the Pfiesteria cells feed on
their tissues and blood
implicated as a cause of major fish kills at many sites
along the North Carolina coast
Pfiesteria piscicida lesions on crab and fish
 Nessie's Diet of Deadly Dinoflagellates
The Loch Ness Exploration Program has uncovered an exciting new theory to explain
sightings of the famous Nessie monster.
Professor Arnold Stryker (33) of the International Marine Biology and Oceanographic
Diversity Research Project (on secondment to the Loch Ness Exploration Program) has
located an ancient organism called Pfiesteria at 8 different points in the loch.
"I did not expect to find this creature in such concentrations - it is a revolutionary discovery."
Pfiesteria is part of a group of pre-historic organisms called dinoflagellates.
Dr. Gunter Fishlin PhD (44) said "our Loch Ness Exploration Program has been looking for
evidence of unknown creatures living in Loch Ness. We now believe that, while firm
evidence of a large dinosaur living beneath the waves still eludes us, we have at least
established the presence of dinoflagellates.
Pfesteria is a peculiar organism. It groups together with its fellows to form large clumps of
slime. This slime actually displays "ambush-predator" qualities by attacking fish. As schools
of fish build up in an area Pfiesteria starts secreting toxins which overcome them. The fish
die from suffocation as their nervous system collapses and their skin tissue starts to break
down under the impact of the toxin.
The interesting link for Loch Ness researches investigating the possibility of a large
plesiosaur living in the depths is Pfiesteria's effects on humans. Dr. Fishlin explains "many
eye-witnesses have come forward with accounts of their sightings of the Loch Ness
monster, some of which include references to feelings of "lost time" that thy cannot explain.
The toxins given off by Pfiesteria are hallucinogenic and research elsewhere has shown that
a feeling of lost time is a common side effect.
Are humans around Loch Ness at risk from "the cells from hell"? Professor Stryker doesn't
think so: "as long as people are aware of its dangers and avoid parts of the loch where they
see large clumps of algae-like slime, they should be safe.
 Ciguatera poisoning
subtropical and tropical
marine finfish accumulate
naturally occurring
dinoflagellate toxins through
their diet
most common nonbacterial,
fish-borne poisoning in the
United States
ciguatera poisoning in
humans usually involves a
combination of
gastrointestinal,
neurological, and
cardiovascular disorders
 Every coastal state
has reported major
blooms
Blooms may be
responsible for more
than $1 billion in
losses during the
last two decades
 What causes HABs?
Marine transportation
may have contributed to
the global HAB
expansion by
transporting toxic species
in ballast water
aquaculture activities
may be related to HAB
expansion
Increased nutrient loads
to coastal waters may
stimulate HAB species
populations to initiate a
bloom A large sediment plume flowing out to
sea and associated phytoplankton
bloom offshore. Brazil, 2000.
 Sources
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