There are four types of sentence.

1. Simple Sentence
S V O = 1 main clause/Independent clause

2. Compound Sentence
S V O conjunctions / COORDINATING CONJUCTIONS S V O
(FANBOYS)
= 2 main clause/independent clauses

3. Complex Sentence
subordinating conjunctions
S (s v o) V O (s v o)
main clause
= 1 independent clause and 1 dependent clause

4. Compound Complex Sentence

S V O conjunctions S V O(s v o)
= 2 independent clause and 1 dependent clause
A SIMPLE SENTENCE is a simply form of sentence. A simple
sentence consists of an independent clause, so it contains a subject and a
verb. It does NOT contain either a dependent clause or another simple
sentence.

The patterns:
1. S V The dog / barked.
2. S V O My roommate and I / take / turn.
3. S V O C I /have to bring / something / from the out side.
4. S S V O
5. S V V O
6. S S V V O

COMPLEMENT is the term used for a word (or words) which are
needed to complete the meaning of an expression. However,
complements are not optional. They are essential to ensure
understanding.
The SIMPLE SENTENCE can have one of several possible
formulas. Here are four possibilities.

1. The Star Wars movies were international hits.

S V
2. Young people and adults enjoyed them.
S S V
3. Health experts use advertising to warn the public against bad things.
S V V O
4. Mary and Rita wear a jewelry to make themselves more attractive.
S S V V
5. We voted John chairman.
S V O C
 PRONOUN
There are five classes of pronouns: personal pronouns, relatives
pronouns, indefinite pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns.
l. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
There are five forms of personal pronoun in English;
1. Subject pronouns (SP)
2. Complement pronouns (CP)
3. Possessive pronouns (PP)
4. Possessive adjectives (PA)
5. Reflexive pronouns (RP)
I. PERSONAL PRONOUN

SP CP PA PP RP
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
we us our ours ourselves
they them their theirs themselves
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it Its its itself
Examples:
(SP) She and I have seen this movie before.
I am going to the store
(CP) They called us on the telephone.
The teacher gave him a bad grade
(PA) John is eating his dinner.
The boy broke his arm yesterday.
(PP) Her dress is green and my dress is red.
= Hers is green and mine is red.
Our books are heavy.
= Ours are heavy.
(RP) He sent the letter to himself.
She server herself in the cafeteria
 NOUN
A noun is a naming word. Nouns are a part of speech typically denoting a person,
place, thing, animal, idea, living creature, quality, or action.
For examples:
1. British territorial waters are regulated by stringent
laws.
2. Many american high school students think that
mathematics is difficult.
3. He didnt know that grapes were cheaper than
cherries.

Noun are classified as countable or uncountable. Countable nouns can some in

quantities of one, or two, or a hundred, etc.
For examples:
book ---- one book, several books.

Uncountable nouns come in some indeterminate quantity or mass.

For examples:
milk ----- (cannot have one milk or two milks)
happiness ------ (not one happiness or two happiness)
COUNTABLE NOUNS AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

A (n), the, some, any The, some, any
This, that, these, those This, that
None, one, two, three, None
Many Much
A lot of .. A lot of ..
A large number of .. A large amount of.
(a)Few (a)Little
Fewerthan Lessthan
More than Morethan
 VERB

A verb is a word or phrase that expresses existence, action (doing

something), experience, or a state (being something). The verb
follows the subject in a declarative sentences; it generally shows the
action of the sentence.

Verbs may be treated as two different parts of speech:

1. Lexical verbs (work, like, run, walk, talk, live, think, etc)
a. She ran to Carl because she cared.
b. I had to finish my math test.

2. Auxiliary verbs (be, have/has, must, can, will, shall

(modal))
a. She has had to return to Korea at short notice.
b. I would love to be able to play the piano.
Exercise:
Find verb in the following sentences.
1. Naismith figured out a team sport.
2. Basketball was invented in 1891 by a physical education instructor
in Spring field, Massachusetts.
3. The term primitive art has been used in a variety of ways.
4. A wonderful example of this second type of primitive artist is
Grandma Moses
5. She did not begin painting until she reached the age of seventy six.
6. You are old enough to travel alone now.
7. My brother drives to his office.
8. People teach us to speak.
Analyze the structure and Find fragments in the following paragraph
then, correct each one.

My best friend is Suzanne. We have been friends since childhood.

As children we lived next door to each other in Caracas. Now live in
different countries on different continents. She is married to a Venezuelan.
Has three children. Her son two years old, and her twin daughters three
months old. We havent seen each other for eight years. We keep in touch
by e-mail. Also telephone each other at least once a month. We will be
friends forever.
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT OF PREPOSITION

Object of preposition is a noun or pronoun that comes

after a preposition.
For examples:
1. After his exams, tom will take a trip by boat.
2. With his friend, he found the movie theater.

NOTE:
if a word is an object of preposition, it is not the subject.
Examples:
1. The interviews by radio broadcasters /were carried /live/
S O-PRE VP O
by the station.
O-pre
2. At the neighborhood flower shop, flowers in quantities of a
O-PRE S O-PRE
dozen or a half dozen /can be delivered /for free.
Vp O
3. The progressive reading methods at this school/ are given /credit
S O-PRE VP O
for the improved test scores.
COMP
THE PREPOSITION AND THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. It joins the
noun to some other part of the sentence.

Example:
at to expressions time of days, night (precise time)
a. The final exam is to be held at the end of this month.
b. Tom usually leaves work at five oclock.

To expression position
a. If you leave the hotel, please leave your key at reception.
b. I couldnt see very well because I was standing at the back.

In to expressions parts of day, except night and in a period of time in the

future; months, years, centuries, and long periods.
a. The cost of living is very high in some towns.
b. I have dinner at 5.00 in the evening
c. Jacks gone away. Hell be back in a week.
d. The train will be leaving in a few minutes.
On to expressions days of the weeks; days and dates
a. I dont teach english on saturday
b. I go hiking on weekends

to expression position
a. There is a report of the football match on page 7 of the
newspaper.
b. There is a dirty mark on the wall/on the ceiling/on your nose.

For to expressions for many things; time, distance, and purpose

a. I wear a suit for work
b. I come her for teaching

Of to expressions for direction, distance, cause, material, identity,

connection, inclusion, and relation.
a. Many parents dont care too much about their childrens
activities out side of their home.
b. In the effort of passing the exam, many students go to any
courses for some extra classes in the afternoon.
 LIST OF PREPOSITION

PREPOSITION
About Behind Except On Under
Above Below For Onto Underneath
Across Beneath From Outside Unlike
After Beside In Over Until
Against Between Inside Past Up
Along Beyond Into Since Upon
Among By Like Through Versus
Around Despite Near Throughout With
As Down Of To Within
At During Off Toward without
EXERCISE:
indicate if the sentences are correct or incorrect
1. Shopping in the downtown area of the city it has improved a lot in recent years.
2. In the last possible moment before take off took his seat in the airplane.
3. At the building site the carpenters with the most experience were given the most
intricate work.
4. The report with complete documentation was delivered at the conference.
5. For the last three years at various hospitals in the country has been practicing
medicine.
6. The new computer program has provides a variety of helpful applications.
7. The assigned text for history class it contains more than twenty chapters.
8. The new machine is processes 50 percent more than the previous machine.
9. In the past a career in politics was not considered acceptable in some circles.
10. If we add up the ages of all people in a country and divide it by the total
number of people, we get the average age of the population.
ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a word that typically describes or modifies the meaning of
a noun. Adjectives serve to point out a quality of a thing named, to indicate its
quantity or extent, or to specify a thing a s distinct from something else. Adjectives
give a little different meaning to a noun. An adjective answers the question: what
kind.?

Examples:
intelligent student an interesting story
lazy student the red dress
good student a pretty girl

ADVERB

Adverb is a word that gives a description of the time, the place, or the manner of
the action. Adverb is also defined as a word that describes a prepositional phrase, a
verb, adjective, and another word except noun and pronouns.

There are FIVE kinds of adverbs: adverb of manner, adverb of place, adverb of
time, adverb of frequency, adverb of degree.
1. ADVERB OF MANNER
Adverb of manner is an adverb that expresses how a job is done or an event
that happened. We can ask the question with the word how. For
examples: slowly, bravely, happily, hard, fast, carefully, fluently, suddenly,
together, etc.

Examples:
John is reading carefully.
Maria Elena speaks Spanish fluently.
Rita drank too much coffee.

2. ADVERB OF PLACE
An adverb which indicate the site of an action or event. We can ask the
question with the word where. For examples; here, there, everywhere,
below, above, somewhere, etc

Example:
She studies English here
There is a book on my desk, but it doesnt belong to me.
3. ADVERB OF TIME
An adverb which states the time of job, action or events. We can ask the
question with the word when. For examples: now, soon, yet, today,
tomorrow, yesterday, lately, immediately, before, often, etc.

Example:
She and I have seen this movie before.
The plane will arrive soon.

4. ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
An adverb stating the amount or how much of a job; action or event was
carried out. We can ask the question with the word how often (adverb of
quantity such as always, usually, never, ever, sometimes, seldom, generally,
etc, and how many times (adverb of number) such as twice, once,
third, etc.

Example:
Andi always drinks milk every night
he goes to school twice in a week.
5. ADVERB OF DEGREE
An adverb of degree is an adverb that expresses to what extent of a situation or
event. For examples: very, fairly, rather, enough, nearly, too, only, quite, etc.

Examples:
she is very pretty girl.
I dont quite understand about English language.

Exercise:
well
1. Rita plays the violin (good/well)
intense
2. That is an (intense/intensely) novel
3. The sun is shine (bright/brightly)
brightly
fluent fluently) French
4. The girls speak (fluent/
fluently
5. The boys speak spanish (fluent/ fluently)
smooth smoothly) surface
6. The table has a (smooth/
accurately
7. We must figure our income tax return (accurate/ accurately)
8. We dont like to drink (bitter/
bitter bitterly) tea
soon soonly)
9. The plane will arrive (soon/
fast fastly)
10. He had an accident because he was driving too (fast/
EXERCISE:
Indicate if the sentences are correct or incorrect
1. Shopping/ in the downtown area of the city/ it/ has improved /a lot in recent years.
S PREP S V INCORRECT
2. In the last possible moment before takeoff /took/ his seat in the airplane.
PREP V INCORRECT
3. At the building site/ the carpenters /with the most experience /were given / the most intricate work.
PREP S PREP V CORRECT
4. The report with complete documentation /was delivered / at the conference.
S PRE V CORRECT
5. For the last three years /at various hospitals /in the country /has been practicing / medicine.
PREP PREP PREP V INCORRECT
6. The new computer program / has provides /a variety of helpful applications.
S V = PROVIDED O INCORRECT
7. The assigned text for history class / it/ contains / more than twenty chapters.
S S V O INCORRECT
8. The new machine/ is processes /50 percent more than the previous machine.
S V= PROCESSED INCORRECT
9. In the past a career / in politics /was not considered /acceptable in some circles.
PREP PREP V INCORRECT
10. If we /add up /the ages of all people /in a country /and /divide /it /by the total number of
S V O C V O C
people, /we /get / the average age of the population.
S V O CORRECT
 QUIZ
Underline SUBJECT, VERB, AND OBJECT PREPOSITION in each sentence.
1. Over the last three decades, we have seen a consistent worldwide decline in
membership of private-sector international trade union federations.
2. There is not complete agreement on the correlation of the various cultures and the
glacial sequence, but many think that the Villafranchion, characterized by crudely
worked pebble tools, roughly spherical in form, belongs in the early phase of the
First Glacial period.
3. A wide central hall, running past the Garden Court, from one end of the building
to the other, has four large cases of souvenirs from both palaces, including a
program printed for President Warren G. Hardings visit.
4. With this sudden and vast wealth, by the turn of the century Trinity Church was
an ecclesiastical empire with 8,500 communicants and nine chapels scattered
around New York City besides the main church itself.
5. The army of the Potomac under General George Meade and the Army of Northern
Virginia under General Robert E. Lee had stumbled upon each other four days
earlier at the edge of this little Pennsylvania county seat of 2,400 inhabitants.