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Chapter 8 Separating and Treating Well Fluids
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Three general types of separators
Horizontal separator
for high-pressure and medium-pressure service
Vertical separator
for low-pressure service (generally)
Spherical separator
more compact and cheaper
limited separation space and liquid surge capacity
for low-volume remote platforms
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Internal Structure of Separators
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Separation methods
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Stage separation method (two stage separation)
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Low-temperatures separation method
It is used to handle the production from high-pressure gas
wells
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Low-temperature separation method
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Emulsion
Water and oil are immiscible.
These two liquids will form an emulsion only
(1) if there is sufficient agitation to disperse one liquid as
droplets in the other , and
(2) if there is an emulsifying agent , or emulsifier , present.
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Stable emulsion will not break down into its components
without some form of treating.
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Treating oil-field emulsions
Emulsion
dispersion
water -
continuous
phase
Oil - Water Emulsion (oil in water)
oil - dispersed phase
Water - oil Emulsion (water in oil)
Application of heat
(1) Heat increases the movement are makes the droplets strike
each other with greater force and frequency.
(2) Heat also reduces the viscosity the resistance to flow of
the oil.
Heater ()
(1) direct heater
(2) Indirect heaterwater bath (fig5.22 P.161) 16
Application of chemicals
One theory suggests that chemical should be used strictly to
neutralize the emulsifying agent.
Thus, to break a water-in-oil emulsion,
another emulsifying agent to produce oil-in-water emulsion
should be added.
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Heater-treater
also called a flow treater or an emulsion treater.
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Treating natural gas
(1) the gas must be separated from free liquids such as crude oil,
hydrocarbon condensate, water , and entrained solids,
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Treating Natural Gas
The primary treatments for natural gas involve
1prevention of hydrate formation
Heat
Hydrate inhibitor: ammonia
brine
glycol ()
methanol ()
2dehydration,
absorption () Liquid
adsorption () Solid
3The removal of undesirable components (H2OCO)
Alkanolamine process
Iron-sponge process
Glycol/amine process
Sulfinol process
Molecular-sieve removal 22
Removal of undesirable components
Hydrogen sulfide (H 2S)
acid gases
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
Alkanolamine process
-- It is a continuous-operation liquid process that uses absorption
for the acid-gas removal, with subsequent heat addition to string
the acid-gas component from absorbent solution.
Other processes that are used to removal H2S & CO2 are
The Iron-sponge process,
The glycol/amine process,
The sulfinol process, and
The molecular-sieve removal.
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Typical Natural Gas Components
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Casinghead gas
-- gas produced with oil from an oil well.
Residue gas
-- any gas suitable for as commercial natural gas that comes
from a processing plant.
Sweet gas
--the content of hydrogen sulfide, other sulfur compounds,
and carbon dioxide is low enough that gas may be sold
commercially without further effort to remove these
compounds.
Sour gas
--the opposite of sweet gas.
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Types of Natural Gas Liquids
Commercial propane ()
-- propane and/or propylene (at least 95%)
-- vapor pressure < 215 psig at 100 0F
Commercial Butane ()
-- butanes and/or Butane (at least 95%)
-- vapor pressure < 70 psig at 100 0F
-- At least 95% must evaporate at 34 0F or lower in a
standard test.
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The Storage System
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The Storage System
Stock tanks (or storage tanks)
Tank battery
separation equipment
treating equipment tank battery
storage facilities
stock tanks Bolted steel tank 500 bbls or larger; assembled on location
Welded steel tank 90 bbl to several thousand bbls;
welded in a shop and then transported
as a complete unit to the site
Vapor Recovery System
LACT (Lease automatic custody transfer) unit
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