Constitutive Equations

CASA Seminar Wednesday 19 April 2006

Godwin Kakuba
Outline
Introduction
Continuum mechanics
Stress
Motions and deformations
Conservation laws
Constitutive Equations
Linear elasticity
Viscous fluids
Linear viscoelasticity
Placticity
Summary
Introduction
Continuum mechanics
Matter
Molecules
Atoms

Macroscopic scale
Introduction
Kinematics

Stress

Motions and deformations

Conservation laws
Constitutive Equations
Continuum mechanics

Eqns that describe the mechanical

Eqns that apply equally to all materials
behaviour of particular materials

Constitutive equations
Linear elasticity
Viscous fluids
Viscoelasticity
Plasticity
Constitutive equations: Linear elasticity
Uniaxial loading: one dimensional elasticity
Constitutive equations: Linear elasticity

Linear elastic solid

a quadratic function

is equal to the rate at which

mechanical work is done by the surface and body
forces
Constitutive equations: Linear elasticity
Denote by thus (a) states that has the form

Consider a change of coordinate system,

Then,

We can also write

Constitutive equations: Linear elasticity

Interchanging i and j

Thus
independent constants
Constitutive equations: Linear elasticity
Also
independent elastic constants.
Using property and the energy conservation equation:

But and so
Constitutive equations: Linear elasticity
But

Hence

For an isotropic material

Constitutive equations: Newtonian viscous fluids

Constitutive equations of the form

For a fluid at rest,

If the fluid is isotropic,

Constitutive equations: Newtonian viscous fluids

If the stress is a hydrostatic pressure,

For an incompressible viscous fluid,

or
For an ideal fluid,
or
Constitutive equations: Linear viscoelasticity
Creep curve

Stress relaxation curve

Constitutive equations: Linear viscoelasticity
We consider infinitesimal deformations

Assuming the superposition principle, then

are stress relaxation functions.

The inverse relation is

are creep functions.

Constitutive equations: Plasticity
Stress-strain curve in uniaxial tension

O C

OA - linear relation between and

- Initial yield stress
OC - residual strain
Constitutive equations: Plasticity
For three-dimensional theory of plasticity
a yield condition

stress-strain relations for elastic behaviour

or

Thus
Constitutive equations: Plasticity
Plastic stress-strain relations

where

Hence
Constitutive equations: Summary
Linear elastic solid:

Isotropic material:

Newtonian fluid:

Viscoelasticity:

Plasticity: