MEMORY

The Students in
Ms. Tionkos Class
The students in Ms. Tionkos class are very
interesting. Henry is Chinese. Hes from Shanghai.
Linda is Puerto Rican. Shes from San Juan. Kim
and Choy are Koreans.
George is Greek. Hes from Athens. Carla is
Italian. Shes from Rome. Sato is Japanese. Hes
from Tokyo Japan. Maria and Teresa are
Mexicans.
The students in Ms. Tionkos class are very
interesting. They are from different countries
but they are friends.
 Who is the teacher in the
story?

a. Ms. Reyes
b. Ms. Tionko
c. Ms. Maguad
 What is the nationality of
Henry?
a. Chinese
b. Japanese

c. Korean
 Who are the Mexican students?

a. Linda and Teresa

b. Maria and Teresa

c. Carla and Teresa

 What is the title of the short
story?

a. The Students in Ms. Tionkos Class

b. Ms. Tionko and her Class

c. The Foreigner Students in my Class

Definition
Is the retention of information
over time through encoding
storage and retrieval.
Phases of Memory
1. Encoding

2. Storage

3. Retrieval

NEXT
 Getting information into
memory.

BACK
 Retaining information over
time.

BACK
 Taking information out of
storage.

BACK
Memory Encoding
Attention
Divided Attention
Elaboration
Imagery
Level of Processing (Atkinson & Shiffrin)

Shallow Physical and The lines, angles

and contour that
Processing perceptual make up the
features are physical
appearance of an
analyzed object such as a
car are detected.
Intermediate Stimulus is The object is
recognized as a
Processing recognized and car.
labelled
Deep Semantic, Association connected
with car care brought
Processing meaningful, to mind. You think
about the Porsche or
symbolic Ferrari and you hope
to buy on spring break
characteristics when you drove a car
are used to the beach or the
fun your friends had.
Memory Storage
Ways in which information is
retrieve over time and how it is
represented in memory
Three Systems of
Memory Storage
Sensory memory holds information
from the world in its original form only
for an instant, not much longer than the
brief time it is exposed to be visual
auditory and other senses.
*Echoic Memory retained for several
seconds.
*Iconic Memory of a second
Short Term Memory
A limited capacity memory system
in which information is retained for
only one as long as 30 seconds
unless strategies are used to retain
it.
 Chunking involves grouping or packing
information that exceeds the 7 + 2
memory.
Rehearsal the conscious repetition
Photographic visualization skills
maintaining the appearance of an object or
a scene for a period of time after you have
viewed it.
Working Memory
A three-part system that
temporarily holds information. It is
a kind of mental workbench on
which information is manipulated
and assembled to perform other
cognitive tasks.
Long Term Memory
A relatively permanent type of
memory that holds huge amounts of
information for a long time.
 Long Term Memory

Explicit Memory Implicit Memory

Declarative Memory No Declarative Memory

Episodic Semantic Procedural Priming Classical

Memory Memory Conditioning

Difference Between Episodic

and Semantic Memory
 The conscious recollection of
information such as facts or events
and, at least in humans,
information that can be verbally
communicated.
 The retention of information about
the where and when of lifes
happenings
Prospective Memory
Remembering information about
doing something in the future.

Retrospective Memory
Remembering the past.
 A persons knowledge about the
world
 Differences Between Episodic
and Semantic Memory
Characteristics Episodic Memory Semantic Memory
Units Events, Episodes Facts, Ideas,
Concepts
Organization Time Concepts
Emotion More Important Less Important
Retrieval Report I remember I know
Retrieval Process Deliberate (effortful) Automatic
Education Irrelevant Relevant
Intelligence Irrelevant Relevant
Legal Testimony Admissible in Court Inadmissible in court
 Memory in which behavior is
affected by prior experience
without that experience being
consciously recollected.
 Memory for skills
 Information that people already
have in storage is activated to help
them remember new information
better and faster.
 Learning by which a neutral
stimulus becomes associated with a
meaningful stimulus and acquires
the capacity to elicit similar
response.
 Why we remember what
we remember?
Serial Position Effect

The tendency for items at the beginning and

at the end of the list to be recalled more readily.
 Two Types of Serial Position
Effect
Primacy effect
Information that occurs first is typically remembered
better than information occurring later. When given a list
of words or number, the first word or number is usually
remembered due to rehearsing this more than other
information.

Recency effect

Often the last of information is remembered better

because not as much time has past; time which results in
forgetting.
 Distinctiveness

If something stands out from information

around it, it is often remembered better. Any
distinctive information is easier than that which
is similar, usual, or mundane.
 Frequency Effect/ Rehearsal

As stated in the first example, results in

better memory. Remember trying to memorize a
formula for your math class. The more you went
over it, the better you knew it.
 Associations

When we associate or attach information to

other information it becomes easier to remember.
Many of us use this strategy in our professions
and everyday life in the form of acronyms.
 Reconstruction

Sometimes we actually fill in the blanks in our

memory. In other words, when trying to get a
complete picture in our minds, we will make up the
missing parts, often without any realization that
this is occurring.
Other Forms of Memory Retrieval

Recall
Is memory task in which the individual has to retrieve
previously learned information as on essay tests.

Recognition
Is memory task in which the individual has to identify
learned items as on multiple choices.
 Tip of the Tongue
A type of effortful retrieval that occurs when people
are confident that they know something they cant quite pull
it out of memory.

Flashbulb memories
Are memories of emotionally significant events that
people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery
than everyday events.
 Retrieval of Autobiographical Memories

A form of episodic memory. A persons

recollections of his or her life experiences.
Context and State at Encoding and
Retrieval

Context dependent memory

Refers to recall information in the same context in
which they learned the information along with other
information.

State-dependent memory
Refers to remember information better when their
psychological state or mood is similar at encoding and
retrieval.
 Forgetting

Encoding Failure
Occurs when the information was
never entered into long term memory.
 Retrieval Failure
Interference Theory
State that people forget not
because memories are actually lost
from storage but because other
information gets in the way of what
they want to remember.
 Two Types of Interference

Proactive Interference
Occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts
the recall of material learned later.

Retroactive Interference
Occurs when material learned later disrupt the
retrieval of information learned earlier.
 Decay Theory
States that when something new is learned a
neurochemical memory trace is formed but over time this
trace tends to disintegrate.

Transience
Refers to forgetting that occurs with the passage of
time.
 Amnesia

Loss of memory.
 Anterograde Amnesia
A memory disorder that affects the retention of new
information or events.

Retrograde Amnesia
Memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new
events.
 Encoding Strategies
Be a good time manager and planner.
Pat attention and minimize
distraction.
Understand the material rather than
rottenly memorizing it.
Ask yourself questions.
 Good Note Taking
Strategies
Summarizing
Outlining
Concept Maps
The Cornell Method
Note Reviews
 Storage Strategies
Organize your memory

Spread out and consolidate your

learning
 Retrieval Strategies
Use good retrieval cues
Use the PQ4r Method
P-preview
Q-question
R-read
R-Reflect
R-Recite
R-Review