Chapter 3

Atoms and Elements

3.1 Elements and Symbols

3.2 Periodic Table

1
 Elements

Pure substances that cannot be broken down into

any simpler substances by chemical methods
Are the building blocks of matter
112 elements known today
Examples: carbon
gold
calcium

2
 Symbols of Elements
Use 1 or 2 letter abbreviations
Capitalize the first letter only

Examples:
C carbon Co cobalt
N nitrogen Ca calcium
F fluorine Br bromine
O oxygen Mg magnesium
3
 Symbols from Latin Names
Element Symbol Latin name
Copper Cu cuprum
Gold Au aurum
Lead Pb plumbum
Mercury Hg hydrargyrum
Potassium K kalium
Silver Ag argentum
Sodium Na natrium
Tin Sn stannum 4
 % Major Elements in the Body
O 65.0 % K 0.34
C 18.0 S 0.26
H 10.0 Na 0.14
N 3.0 Cl 0.14
Ca 1.4 Fe 0.004
P 1.0 Zn 0.003
Mg 0.50
Trace Elements
As, Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, V 5
The most abundant element in the earths
crust is oxygen.
 Learning Check
Select the correct symbol for each:
A. Calcium
1) C 2) Ca 3) CA

B. Sulfur
1) S 2) Sl 3) Su
C. Iron
1) Ir 2) FE 3) Fe
7
 Solution

Select the correct symbol for each:

A. Calcium
2) Ca

B. Sulfur
1) S
C. Iron
3) Fe
8
 Learning Check
Select the correct name for each:
A. N
1) neon 2) nitrogen 3) nickel
B. P
1) potassium 2) phogiston
3) phosphorus
C. Ag
1) silver 2) agean 3) gold
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 Solution

Select the correct name for each:

A. N
2) nitrogen
B. P
3) phosphorus
C. Ag
1) silver

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 Periodic Table

The periodic table is an arrangement of

the elements according to similarities in
their chemical and physical properties.

11
 Groups of Elements

Vertical columns on the periodic table

Similar physical properties
Similar chemical properties

12
 Groups on the Periodic Table

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

13
 Representative Groups

Group 1 Alkali Metals

Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 7 Halogens
Group 8 Noble Gases

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 Location of Some Groups
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A
l m A H
l a I G
k e
k l n a
a t
a o e s
l a
l g r e
i l
i e t s
s
n n
e s
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 Periods on the Periodic Table

Horizontal rows from Group 1 to Group 8.

Numbered 1, 2, 3, .

Include representative elements and transition

elements

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 Periods on the Periodic Table

1
2
3
4
5
6
17
 Learning Check
A. Element in Group VIIA, Period 4
1) Br 2) Cl 3) Mn

B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3

1) beryllium 2) magnesium 3) boron

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 Solution
A. Element in Group 7A, period 4
1) Br

B. Element in Group 2A, Period 3

2) magnesium

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 Learning Check
A. Element in Group VIIA, period 4
1) Br 2) Cl 3) Mn
B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3
1) beryllium 2) magnesium 3) boron

C. Metals in Group IVA

1) Ge, Sn, Pb 2) C, Si 3) C, Si, Ge, Sn

D. Nonmetals in Group VA
1) As, Sb, Bi 2) N, P, As 3) N, P, As, Sb
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 Solution
A. Element in Group VIIA, period 4
1) Br
B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3
2) magnesium

C. Metals in Group IVA

1) Ge, Sn, Pb
D. Nonmetals in Group VA
2) N, P, As

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 Metals and Nonmetals
Metals
Located to the left of the heavy line
Shiny, malleable
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Nonmetals
Located to the right of the heavy line
Dull and brittle
Poor conductors, good insulators
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Metals and Nonmetals

Transition
metals

23
 Learning Check
Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for each:
A. sulfur ____
B. chlorine ____
C. sodium ____
D. iron ____
E. carbon ____
F. silver ____

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 Solution
Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for each:
A. sulfur 2
B. chlorine 2
C. sodium 1
D. iron 1
E. carbon 2
F. silver 1

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 Learning Check

Select the correct elements:

A. Metals in Group IVA
1) Ge, Sn, Pb
2) C, Si
3) C, Si, Ge, Sn

B. Nonmetals in Group VA
1) As, Sb, Bi
2) N, P, As
3) N, P, As, Sb
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 Solution
A. Metals in Group 4A
1) Ge, Sn, Pb

B. Nonmetals in Group 5A
2) N, P, As

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