dr. Susianti, M.

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 GENERAL FEATURES
A. Components of the System
Salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular

Sublingual

Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder
B. Exocrine and Endocrine
Functions
Ducts Exocrine
Pancreas and liver also have important
endocrine functions
C. Serous and Mucous Exocrine
Secretory Glands

Liver, pancreas, parotid gland serous

Submandibular, sublingual serous and
mucous
D. Glandular Subunits
Exocrine glands are structurally and
functionally subdivided by septa
E. Exocrine Ducts
Intralobular ducts
Intercalated ducts
Striated ducts
Interlobular ducts
 SALIVARY GLANDS
A. General Structure and
Function
The majors pairs of glands, the parotis,
submandibular, and sublingual, surroud the
oral cavity
Secrete saliva: moistens the food,
lubricates the digestive tract and begins the
enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates
B. Cell Types

Serous and mucous cells

Serous cells
Mucous cells
Myoepithelial cells
Other cells
C. Parotid Glands
D. Submandibular (Submaxillary)
Glands
E. Sublingual Glands
 PANCREAS
A. General Structure and
Function
Serous
Compound acinar glands
Contains islets of Langerhans
Secrete variety of digestive enzymes
B. Cell Types
Pancreatic acinar cells
Centroacinar cells
 Basal lamina Intercalated
duct Zymogen
e
granules

Acinar
cells

Photomicrograph showing the
appearance of the acinar portion
of the pancreas with its secretory
cells.
Centroacinar cells
Schematic drawing of the structure of pancreatic
acini. Acinar cells (darker color) are pyramidal, with
granules at their apex and rough endoplasmic
reticulum at the cell base. The intercalated duct partly
penetrates the acini. These duct cells are known as
centroacinar cells (lighter color). Note the absence of
myoepithelial cells.
 Pancreatic Acini Pancreatic Islets
(Special Preparation) (Special Preparation)

1. Alpha cells
1. Zymogene
granules

2. Beta cells
2. Basophilic
(chromophilic)
3. Capillaries

4. Connective
tissue
5. Pancreatic
acinus
 LIVER
A. General Structure
Largest gland
Glissons capsule
Reticular connective tissue stroma
accompanying the blood vessels as they
penetrate the parenchyma
Predominant cell type: hepatocyte
Liver
Three dimensional aspect of the normal liver. In the upper center vein; in
the lower center, the portal vein. Observe the bile canaliculus (darker
color), liver plates (lighter color), Herings canal, Kupffer cells sinusoid, fat-
storing cell, and sinusoidal endothelial cell.
B. General Functions
Have main role in digestion, involves
enzymatic processing.
Detoxification
Endocrine gland
Exocrine gland
C. Blood Supply
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Hepatic sinusoids
Central veins
Hepatic veins
Schematic diagram of a
classic liver lobule. Branches
of the hepatic artery (HA) and
hepatic portal vein (PV) empty
blood into hepatic sinusoids
(S), through which it flow
toward the central vein. The
endothelial lining of the
sinusoids is discontinuous
and is separated from the
radial plates of hepatocytes
by the space of Disse. Bile
canaliculi receive bile from
the hepatocytes that border
them and convey it toward the
bile ducts in the portal triads.
The arrows show that blood
and ilea flow in opposite
directions.
D. Cell Types
Hepatocytes
Primary structural and functional subunits
Storage gycogens, endocrine functions,
production and secretion of bile, detoxification
Kupffers cells
Fat-storing cells
Hepatocytes
E. Liver Lobules
Classic liver lobules
Portal triad
Central vein
Hepatocyte plates and hepatic sinusoids
Portal lobule
Hepatic acinus (of Rappaport)
Schematic drawing illustrating the
territories of the classic liver
lobules, hepatic acini, and portal
lobules. The classic lobule has a
central vein (CV) and is outlined by
the solid lines that connect the
portal spaces (PS). The portal
lobules (lighter color) have their
centers in the portal spaces; they
are outlined by lines that connect
the central veins (upper triangle).
The portal lobules constitute the
portion of the liver from which bile
flows to a portal space. The hepatic
acinus (darker color) is the region
irrigated by a single distributing
vein (diamond shaped figure).
Zones of the hepatic acinus are
indicated by I, II and III.
LIVER LOBULE
F. Billiary System
Bile
Consist of bile acids, phospolipids, cholesterol.
Bilirubin, water, and electrolytes
Billiary tract
Narrow bile ductulues (also called cholangioles
or Herings canals)
Hepatic duct
Common bile duct (ductus choledochus)
Sphincter of Oddi
 GALL BLADDER
A. Mucosa
Consist of simple columnar epithelium,
have microvilli

B. Muscularis
Smooth muscle fibers

C. Adventitia and Serosa

GALL BLADDER