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21
The Theory of
Consumer Choice
Microeonomics
PRINCIPLES OF
N. Gregory Mankiw
Slope = 4 D
Hurley must
give up
4 mangos
to get one fish.
Quantity
of Fish
THE THEORY OF CONSUMER CHOICE 6
The Slope of the Budget Constraint
The slope of the budget constraint equals
the rate at which Hurley
can trade mangos for fish
the opportunity cost of fish in terms of mangos
the relative price of fish:
price of fish $4
4 mangos per fish
price of mangos $1
8
ACTIVE LEARNING 2
Answers, part A
Quantity A fall in income
Now, of Mangos shifts the budget
Hurley constraint down.
can buy
$800/$4
= 200 fish
or
$800/$1
= 800 mangos
or any
combination in
between. Quantity
of Fish
ACTIVE LEARNING 2
Answers, part B
Quantity An increase in the
Hurley
of Mangos price of one good
can still buy
pivots the budget
300 fish. constraint inward.
But now he
can only buy
$1200/$2 =
600 mangos.
Notice:
slope is smaller,
relative price of
fish is now only
2 mangos. Quantity
of Fish
Preferences: What the Consumer Wants
If the quantity of
fish is reduced, B
the quantity of
A
mangos must be
I1
increased to keep
Hurley equally
happy. Quantity
of Fish
Quantity Hurleys
3. Indifference curves of Mangos indifference curves
cannot cross.
Suppose they did.
Hurley should prefer
B to C, since B has B
more of both goods.
Yet, Hurley is indifferent C A
between B and C: I1 I4
He likes C as much as A
(both are on I4).
He likes A as much as B Quantity
of Fish
(both are on I1).
THE THEORY OF CONSUMER CHOICE 14
Four Properties of Indifference Curves
Quantity
4. Indifference curves of Mangos
are bowed inward.
A
Hurley is willing to give
up more mangos for a 6
fish if he has few fish
1
(A) than if he has
B
many (B). 2
1 I1
Quantity
of Fish
Quantity Quantity
of Coke of hot dogs
Optimization: What the Consumer Chooses
A is the optimum: Quantity
The optimum
the point on the of Mangos
is the bundle
budget constraint
Hurley most
that touches the
1200 prefers out of
highest possible
all the bundles
indifference curve.
he can afford.
Hurley prefers B to A, B
but he cannot afford B. 600
A
marginal
price of fish
value of fish
(in terms of
(in terms of
mangos)
mangos) 150 300 Quantity
of Fish
THE THEORY OF CONSUMER CHOICE 21
The Effects of an Increase in Income
Quantity
of Mangos
An increase in
income shifts the
budget constraint
outward.
B
If both goods are
A
normal, Hurley
buys more of each.
Quantity
of Fish
THE THEORY OF CONSUMER CHOICE 22
ACTIVE LEARNING 3
Inferior vs. normal goods
An increase in income increases the quantity
demanded of normal goods and reduces the
quantity demanded of inferior goods.
Suppose fish is a normal good
but mangos are an inferior good.
Use a diagram to show the effects of
an increase in income on Hurleys optimal
bundle of fish and mangos.
23
ACTIVE LEARNING 3
Answers Quantity
of Mangos
If mangos are
inferior, the new
optimum will
contain fewer
mangos.
A
B
Quantity
of Fish
24
The Effects of a Price Change
Initially, Quantity
of Mangos
PF = $4
1200
PM = $1 initial
optimum
PF falls to $2 new
optimum
budget constraint 600
rotates outward, 500
Hurley buys
more fish and
fewer mangos.
150 300 600 Quantity
350 of Fish
Income effect: B
from B to C,
buy more of both
Quantity
goods.
of Fish
28
ACTIVE LEARNING 4
Answers
ButInthe substitution
both graphs, theeffect is bigger
relative pricefor substitutes
changes
bythan
the complements.
same amount.
Quantity
of Pepsi Quantity of
hot dog buns
A
B B
Quantity Quantity
of Coke of hot dogs
Deriving Hurleys Demand Curve for Fish
A: When
B: When PPFF == $2,
$4, Hurley
Hurley demands
demands 350
150 fish.
fish.
Quantity Price of
of Mangos Fish
A
$4
A
B
B
$2
DFish
At the optimum,
the MRS between
current and future
consumption equals
the interest rate.
41
ACTIVE LEARNING 5
Answers
The interest rate rises.
Substitution effect
Current consumption becomes more expensive
relative to future consumption.
Current consumption falls, saving rises,
future consumption rises.
Income effect
Can afford more consumption in both the
present and the future. Saving falls.
42
Application 3: Interest Rates and Saving
In this case,
SE > IE and
saving rises
46
CHAPTER SUMMARY
48
CHAPTER SUMMARY
50