Energy Engineering

Lecture 1
Introduction to Energy, Energy Resources &
overview of Energy demand (World &
Pakistan)
Energy!

Energy! has without any doubt an

enormous influence on our society.
It determines to a large degree our
welfare, our comfort and our mobility.
Energy !
Definitions

1. Energy is a property of every physical system,

describing its ability to perform work.
2. When energy is released it is converted to either
work (which implies motion of bodies or
matter) or another form of energy such that the
sum of work and other forms of energy, but in
any case energy is always conserved.
Energy!
Forms of Energy
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Thermal energy
Chemical energy
Radiant energy
Electrical energy
Kinetic Energy
It is defined as the work needed to accelerate
a body of a given mass from rest to its current
velocity.
Spacecraft uses chemical energy to take off
and gain considerable kinetic energy to reach
orbital velocity.
Kinetic energy can be passed from one object
to another. For example in the game of
snooker
Potential Energy
Potential energy can be thought of as
energy stored within a physical system.
It is called potential energy because it has
the potential to be converted into other
forms of energy, such as kinetic energy,
and to do work in the process.
Thermal Energy
Thermal energy is generated and measured
by heat of any kind. It is caused by the
increased activity or velocity of molecules
in a substance, which in turn causes
temperature to rise accordingly.
There are many natural sources of thermal
energy on Earth, making it an important
component of alternative energy. (Geo
thermal energy)
Radiant Energy
Radiant energy is the energy
of electromagnetic waves.
The term is used particularly
when radiation is emitted by a
source into the surrounding
environment.
Radiant energy may be visible
or invisible to the human eye
Chemical Energy
Chemical energy is produced through
reactions that occur in chemical
compounds.
A chemical compound is a simple
collection of many atoms that are bound to
each other
 Energy!
Energy Units
Joule:
1 J = work done by a force of 1 Newton moving a body
over a distance of 1 meter

1 J = 1 newton.metre = 1 kg.m/s2.m = 1 kg.(m/s)2

kilowatt-hour:
1 (kW h) = 3.6106 J
Erg:
An erg is the amount of work done by a force
of one dyne exerted for a distance of
one centimeter. It is a unit of centimeter
gramsecond (CGS) system.

1 Erg = g cm2/ s2 = 1107 J.

 Calorie:
1 Cal = amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of 1 g of distilled water by 1 K at sea
level and normal temperature (15C).

1 Cal = 4.185 J
British Thermal Unit:
1 BTU = amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of 1 lb. of water from 63F to 64F.
1 BTU = 252 Cal = 1054.6 J

Electronvolt (eV): it is the amount of energy

gained by the charge of a single electron
moved across an electric potential difference
of one volt.
1eV = 1.602176531019 J
 Energy Overview
Increase in world population Increase in energy use
 Energy sources, resources
and demand
 World Energy Supply
 World Energy consumption
Global Energy usage of different
fuels
Energy overview of Pakistan
 Sources of Energy
1. Non-renewable sources:
which take a very long time to be replenished
2. Renewable sources:
which are naturally replenished fast enough as
being used.
 Renewable Sources Of Energy

Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Geothermal Energy
Tidal Energy
Biomass Energy
Hydroelectric energy
 Solar Energy
Solar energy is one of renewable energy sources.
Advantages:
Solar energy is free - it needs no fuel and
produces no waste or pollution.
In sunny countries, solar power can be used
where there is no easy way to get electricity
to a remote place.
Handy for low-power uses such as solar
powered garden lights and battery chargers
 Solar Energy
Disadvantages:
Doesn't work at night.
Very expensive to build solar power
stations.
Can be unreliable unless you're in a very
sunny climate.
 Wind Energy Sources
Wind Energy is defined as the power generated
by harnessing the wind, usually by windmills.
Advantages:
Wind energy is fueled by the wind, so it's a clean
fuel source.
Wind energy relies on the renewable power of the
wind, which can't be used up.
Wind energy is one of the lowest-priced
renewable energy technologies available today,
costing between 4 and 6 cents per kilowatt-hour .
Disadvantages:
Although wind power plants have relatively little
impact on the environment compared to other
conventional power plants, there is some concern
over the noise produced by the rotor blades, and
sometimes birds have been killed by flying into
the rotors.
Good wind sites are often located in remote
locations, far from cities where the electricity is
needed.
The major challenge to using wind as a source of
power is that the wind is intermittent and it does
not always blow when required.
 Geothermal Energy
The center of the Earth is around 6000 C
hot; enough to melt rock. Even a few
kilometres down, the temperature can be
over 250 degrees Celsius.
In volcanic areas, molten rock can be very
close to the surface.
The name "geothermal" comes from two
Greek words: "geo" means "Earth" and
"thermal" means "heat".
Natural steam from the production wells power the turbine generator.
The steam is condensed by evaporation in the cooling tower and pumped
down an injection well to sustain production.
 Geothermal Energy
Advantages:
Geothermal energy does not produce any
pollution.
No fuel is needed.
Once you've built a geothermal power
station, the energy is almost free.
It may need a little energy to run a pump,
but this can be taken from the energy being
generated.
Geothermal Energy
Disadvantages:
The big problem is that there are not many places
where you can build a geothermal power station.
You need hot rocks of a suitable type, at a depth
where we can drill down to them. The type of rock
above is also important, it must be of a type that
we can easily drill through.
Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from
underground, and can be difficult to safely dispose
off.
 Hydroelectric power
The use of water for energy
generation
A hydraulic turbine converts
the energy of flowing water
into mechanical energy. A
hydroelectric generator
converts this mechanical
energy into electricity.
Advantages:
1. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be
produced at a constant rate.
2. If electricity is not needed, the gates can be shut,
stopping electricity generation. The water can be
saved for use another time when electricity
demand is high.
3. Dams are designed to last many decades and so
can contribute to the generation of electricity for
many years / decades.
4. The lake that forms behind the dam can be used
for water sports and leisure / pleasure activities.
Often large dams become tourist attractions in
their own right.
5. The lake's water can be used for irrigation
purposes.
6. The build up of water in the lake means that
energy can be stored until needed, when the water
is released to produce electricity.
7. When in use, electricity produced by dam systems
do not produce green house gases. They do not
pollute the atmosphere.
Disadvantages:
1. Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built to
a very high standard.
2. The high cost of dam construction means that they must
operate for many decades to become profitable.
3. The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural
environment is destroyed.
4. People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to
be flooded, must move out. This means that they lose their
farms and businesses. In some countries, people are forcibly
removed so that hydro-power schemes can go ahead.
5. The building of large dams can cause serious geological
damage. For example, the building of the Hoover Dam in
the USA triggered a number of earth quakes and has
depressed the earths surface at its location.
6. Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one
country usually means that the water supply from the
same river in the following country is out of their control.
This can lead to serious problems between neighbouring
countries.
7. Building a large dam alters the natural water table level.
For example, the building of the Aswan Dam in Egypt has
altered the level of the water table. This is slowly leading
to damage of many of its ancient monuments as salts and
destructive minerals are deposited in the stone work from
rising water caused by the changing water table level.
 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy is a form of hydropower that
exploits the movement of water caused by
tidal currents or the rise and fall in sea
levels due to the tides. Although not yet
widely used, tidal power has potential for
future electricity generation and is more
predictable than wind energy and solar
power. In Europe, tide mills have been used
for over a thousand years, (since prehistoric
ages) mainly for grinding grains.
 Tidal Energy
Advantages:
Once you've built it, tidal power is free.
It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste
It needs no fuel
It produces electricity reliably
Not expensive to maintain.
Tides are totally predictable.
Offshore turbines and vertical-axis turbines are not
expensive to build and do not have a large
environmental impact.
 Tidal Energy
Disadvantages:
A barrage across an estuary is very
expensive to build, and affects a very wide
area - the environment is changed for many
miles upstream and downstream. Many
birds rely on the tide uncovering the mud
flats so that they can feed. There are few
suitable sites for tidal barrages.
Only provides power for around 10 hours
each day, when the tide is actually moving
in or out.
 Biomass Energy
It is the term for energy
from plants.
Biomass fuels include
wood, wood waste, straw,
manure, sugar cane, and
many other byproducts
from a variety of
agricultural processes.
 Why is biomass a renewable energy
source?

Biomass is considered a renewable energy

source because the carbon in biomass is
regarded as part of the natural carbon
cycle: trees take in carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere and convert it into biomass and
when they die, it is released back into the
atmosphere.
 Biomass energy
Advantages:
1. Biomass used as a fuel reduces need for fossil fuels for
the production of heat, steam, and electricity for
residential, industrial and agricultural use.
2. Biomass is always available and can be produced as a
renewable resource.
3. Biomass fuel from agriculture wastes maybe a secondary
product that adds value to agricultural crop.
4. Growing Biomass crops produce oxygen and use
up carbon dioxide.
5. The use of waste materials reduce landfill
disposal and makes more space for everything
else.
6. Carbon Dioxide which is released when Biomass
fuel is burned, is taken in by plants
 Biomass Energy
Disadvantages:
1. Agricultural wastes will not be available if the
basic crop is no longer grown.
2. Additional work is needed in areas such as
harvesting methods.
3. Land used for energy crops maybe in demand for
other purposes, such as faming, conservation,
housing, resort or agricultural use.
4. Some Biomass conversion projects are from
animal wastes and are relatively small and
therefore are limited.
5. Research is needed to reduce the costs of
production of Biomass based fuels.
6. Is in some cases is a major cause of pollution