Intelligence Systems

Prof. Asoka S Karunananda

Faculty of Computing
KDU

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 Structure of the Lecture series

Topic 1 - Foundation of AI
Topic 2 Search
Topic 3 - Knowledge Representation

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Reference

Russell and Norvig (2003), Artificial

Intelligence a Modern Approach
Rich and Knight (1991), Artificial Intelligence
UMBC Agent http://agent.umbc.edu/
Carnegie Mellon University

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Topic 1 Foundation of AI

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Foundation of AI

Nature of Knowledge
Intelligent machine a dream or reality?
Influential areas for AI
Areas of AI
Turing Test
John Searles argument
Four Schools of thought
History of AI
State of the art

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Nature of Knowledge

Science
Mathematics
Engineering
Technology
Informal knowledge
Formal knowledge
Where is AI?

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Where are we?

Human like machines

Machines like human
Man machine coexistence

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Influential areas for AI

Philosophy (428BC (even before)to date)

Mathematics (800)
Economics (1776-)
Neuroscience (1861-)
Psychology (1887-)
Computer engineering (1940-)
Linguistics (1957-)
Education, Physics, Biology, etc.

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Some Areas of AI

Expert systems
Neural Networks
Fuzzy Logic
Genetic Algorithms
Natural Language processing
Computer Vision
Robotics
Agents

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Turing Test
An approach to test machine intelligence

A man and a woman communicate with an

interrogator without seeing each other

Man is replaced with a machine without knowing the

interrogator and he continues questioning

If interrogator cannot notice a difference between

answers provided by the woman and the machine
then woman and Machine are equally intelligent
(Machine fools the interrogator)

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Inferences Turing Test

Intelligence is measured comparatively

Can be used to prove that a machine is
intelligent or machine is not intelligent
Depends on the nature (easiness) of the
questions asked
Depends on the level of intelligence of the
interrogator
Depends on the level of intelligence with
whom the machine is compared

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Technological limitations for TT

Natural language processing to improve

inputs mechanisms
Knowledge representation to store
knowledge
Automated reasoning to store knowledge and
answer questions and to draw conclusion
Machine learning to adapt to new scenario
and to detect and extrapolate patterns

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Total Turing Test

New technology required

Natural language processing
Image processing
Computer vision
Loebner Prize
The Loebner Prize is an annual competition that
awards prizes to the Chatterbot considered the
most humanlike for that year.
ALICE won it twice

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John Searles argument

A person who knows neither English nor Chinese is

kept in room with a hug book containing the Chinese
translation for any given an English phrase, in
adjacent pages
Yet person can find the correct translation just by
manipulating symbols, without being aware what the
symbols mean
Due to the lack of consciousness about what it
does, Searle says that machine is not intelligent

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Implications Chinese room argument

Machine can never be intelligent

Should we really bother about whether a
submarine can swim when it behaves as if it
can swim
Yet consciousness is an important theme to
investigate in the context of intelligent
machines

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Four schools of thought

Acting humanly
Behave like humans. This is really the TT
Thinking humanly
Goes with John Searles argument
Thinking Rationally
This refers to logical thinking
Acting rationally
Doing the right thing. The new approach to AI

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Definition for AI

The art of creating machines that perform functions

that require intelligence when performed by people
(Kurzweil, 1990)
The study of how to make computers do things at
which, at the moment, people are better (Rich &
Knight, 1991)
The exciting new effort to make computers think
machines with minds, in the full and literal
sense (Haugeland, 1985)
Automation of activities that we associate with
human thinking, activities such as decision making ,
problem solving, learning (Bellman, 1978)

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Definition for AI.

The study of mental faculties through the use of

computational models (Charniak and McDermott,
1985)
The study of computations that make it possible to
perceive, reason and act (Winston, 1992)
Computational Intelligence is the study of the design
of intelligent agents (Poole et al, 1998)
AI is concerned with the intelliegt behaviour in
artifacts (Nilsson, 1998)

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History of AI

The Gestation of AI (1943-1955)

McCullouch & Pitts ANN model (1943)
The birth of AI (1956)
Dartmouth conference (10 attendees)
McCarthy coined the name AI
Early enthusiasm (1952-1969)
General Problem solver (GPS)
Game playing
Theorem provers
Minsky Criticized ANN
Search introduced - a major approach to AI

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History of AI.

Knowledge Based systems (1969-1979)

Natural Language processing
ELIZA
Birth of Expert systems: DENDRAL, MYCIN
Concept of frames by Minsky (1975)
Knowledge representation- an approach to AI
AI becomes an industry (1980-present)
XCON expert systems by DEC
Fifth generation project by Japanese
Return of ANN (1986)

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 History of AI

AI becomes a science
AI under scientific method
Making hypothesis
Empirical testing
Statistical analysis of results
E.g. speech recognition using Hidden Markov Model)
E.g. Data mining using Artificial Neural Networks
E.g. Bayesian networks for uncertainty handling

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History of AI

Emergence of Intelligent Agent (1995-)

A new approach to realizing software
development
A new approach to realize Artificial Intelligence

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History of AI Another view

Classical era (Mid 1950- mid 1960)

Early developments
Romantic era (Mid 1960- mid 1970)
Branching into many areas
Modern era (Mid 1970- to date)
Commercial exploitation

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The state of the Art (Highest level of
Development )
Autonomous planning and scheduling:
NASA has developed several remote agent
programs for on-board autonomous planning
. (Jonsson, et al 2000)
Game playing: IBM Deep Blue, HITECH
defeat the chess grand master

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The state of the Art.

Autonomous control: ALVINN computer

vision system (by NAVLAB of CMU) to steer
car to keep it to follow a lane
Logistic Planning: DART by DARPA for
logistic planning during Gulf war (DARPA got
back all investments spent for AI research for
30 years)

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The state of the Art

Robotics: HipNav Robot assistant used by

surgeons to get 3D model of patients internal
anatomy and insertion of a hip replacement
Language understanding and problem solving:
PROVERB (1999) solves cross word puzzles (better
than most human) using large database of past
puzzle, information sources of dictionaries, online
database, movie, etc.

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