Metabolism and

Energy Balance
Metabolism is an integrated set of
chemical reactions occurring in
the body that enable us to extract
energy from the environment and
use it to synthesize building
blocks that are used to make
essential proteins, carbohydrates
and lipids.
 Energy: Fuel for Work
Energy source
Chemical energy in carbohydrates, fat, protein
Food energy to cellular energy
Stage 1: digestion, absorption, transport
Stage 2: breakdown of molecules
Stage 3: transfer of energy to a form cells can
use
 Cell is the metabolic
processing center
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cytosol + organelles
ATP is the bodys energy
currency
ATP = adenosine triphosphate
Form of energy cells use
NAD and FAD: transport shuttles
Accept high energy electrons for
use in ATP production
Fundamental points about metabolism:
Each reaction does not occur in
isolation but provides a substrate.
Pathways producing a continuous
process.
Metabolic map.
Some of the reactions are one way.
Concepts & purposes of reactions.
 Metabolism pathways can be classified as
either catabolism or anabolism.
Catabolism
Reactions that
breakdown
compounds into
small units

Anabolism
Reactions that build
complex molecules
from smaller ones
Catabolism pathways names end is lysis
meaning to breakdown.

glycogenolysis: glycogen breakdown

proteolysis: protein breakdown
lipolysis: lipid breakdown
glycolysis: glucose breakdown
Anabolic pathways names end is genesis
meaning to create.

glycogenesis: glycogen synthesis

lipogenesis: fatty acid synthesis
gluconeogenesis: glucose synthesis
protein synthesis
The transfer of energy in reactions:
when chemical bond breaks, energy
can be released as heat, captured
in another chemical bond, or both.
The site of reactions: metabolic work is
going on all the time within the cells.
Catabolism of energy-rich compound
(carbohydrate, protein & fat):
anaerobic reactions (cytosol)
aerobic reactions (mitochondria)
Regulations of pathways: metabolic
reactions almost always require
enzyme (or hormone) to facilitate their
action. Enzymes need coenzymes.
The enzymes are subject to strict
regulation to ensure that:
The rate of the pathway is adapted to
the cells needs.
Anabolic & catabolic pathways are not
active at the same time.
Production of H2O & Energy in the
mitochondria:

H2 + O2 H2O+ energy

The energy potential produced, could form

high energy phosphate molecules (ATP
& GTP)

ADP + phosphate + energy ATP

GDP + phosphate+ energy GTP
Each organ has a preferential fuel;
that is, the substrate that it prefers
to use for energy production.
 Glucose: brain, red blood cells,
adrenal gland and muscle in
anaerobic activity and high intensity
aerobic activity.

Fatty acids: heart, liver, smooth

muscle and skeletal muscle in low
intensity aerobic activity.
 Ketone bodies: heart, skeletal
muscle and after adaptation of
starvation, by the brain.

Branch chain amino acids (BcAA):

skeletal muscle.

Other amino acid: liver.

Breakdown and Release of Energy
Extracting energy from carbohydrate
Glycolysis
Pathway splits glucose into 2
pyruvates
Transfers electrons to NAD
Produces some ATP
Pyruvate to acetyl CoA
Releases CO2
Transfers electrons to NAD
Breakdown and Release of Energy
Extracting energy from carbohydrate
Citric acid cycle
Releases CO2
Produces GTP (like ATP)
Transfers electrons to NAD
and FAD
Electron transport chain
Accepts electrons from NAD
and FAD
Produces large amounts of ATP
Produces water
End products of glucose
breakdown
ATP, H2O, CO2
Breakdown and Release of Energy
Extracting energy from fat
Split triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
Beta-oxidation
Breaks apart fatty acids into acetyl CoA
Transfers electrons to NAD and FAD
Citric acid cycle
Acetyl CoA from beta-oxidation enters cycle
Electron transport chain
End products of fat breakdown
ATP, H2O, CO2
Breakdown and Release of Energy
Extracting energy from protein
Split protein into amino acids
Split off amino group
Converted to urea for excretion
Carbon skeleton enters
breakdown pathways
End products
ATP, H2O, CO2, urea
Breakdown
and
Release of
Energy
The breakdown of high energy phosphate
molecules will occur if the cells need
energy.

ATP ADP + Energy

Functions of the energy released:
to conduct nerve impulse (electric)
actin & myosin contraction (mechanic)
transfer of molecules across membrane
(osmotic)
to produce heat (thermic)
anabolism (chemical)
 Biosynthesis and Storage
Making carbohydrate (glucose)
Gluconeogenesis
Uses pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, certain amino acids
Storing carbohydrate (glycogen)
Liver, muscle make glycogen from glucose
Making fat (fatty acids)
Lipogenesis
Uses acetyl CoA from fat, amino acids, glucose
Storing fat (triglyceride)
Stored in adipose tissue
 Biosynthesis and Storage
Making ketone bodies (ketogenesis)
Made from acetyl CoA
Inadequate glucose in cells
Making protein (amino acids)
Amino acid pool supplied from
Diet, protein breakdown, cell synthesis
 Regulation of Metabolism
May favor either anabolic or catabolic
functions
Regulating hormones
Insulin
Glucagon
Cortisol
Epinephrine
 Special
States
Feasting
Excess energy
intake from
carbohydrate, fat,
protein
Promotes storage
 Special States
Fasting
Inadequate
energy intake
Promotes
breakdown
Prolonged
fasting
Protects body
protein as
long as
possible
 ENERGY BALANCE

Key Term:

Energy intake
Energy expenditure
Energy requirement
Energy balance
Equilibrium of energy intake and energy expenditure
determine the energy status.

ENERGY STATUS

Energy st. assessment for children weight for

age.
Energy st. assessment for adults weight for
height: Body Mass Index (BMI).
Balanced energy: if energy intake
sufficient with the energy
expenditure.
Surplus of energy: if energy intake
larger than energy expenditure
energy storage increase:
CH stored as glycogen (limited) and
as lipid (abundance).
Fatty acids stored as lipid.
Protein stored as lipid.
Energy deficit = if energy intake
insufficient for energy expenditure.
Storage molecules will be used.

7 Kkal of energy similar to 1 gram of

body tissue.

Loss of energy: 500 Kkal/day or 3500

Kkal/week catabolism of body
tissue: 3500 : 7 = 500 g body
tissue/week.
Energy intake obtain from the
food.
Various amount of energy in the food,
depends on the composition of the
foods.
1 gram CH 4 Kkal
1 gram Protein 4 Kkal
1 gram fatty acid 9 Kkal
Vitamin, mineral and water do not
provide adequate energy.
Daily amount of energy intake depends on: food
class, quantity per portion, and frequency of
food intake per day.

Nutrient composition & amount of energy per 100

gram food stuff are available in Food
Composition List. Food stuff weight comes
from Household measurement.
Total Energy Expenditure = TEE : sum of
Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE), Physical
Activity (PA) and Spesific Dynamic Action of
food (SDA) or Thermic Effect of Food
(TEF).
The calculation:
TEE = BEE + PA + SDA (TEF)
BEE is energy expenditure in basal
condition , the ongoing activity while
the body rest: heart beat, peristaltic,
hormone secretion, enzyme
secretion, muscle contraction, etc.
Basal condition:
12 16 hours after the last meal
Lying position
No physical activity an hour before the
test
Relax
Normal body temperature
Room temperature should be 21-25oC
Normal humidity
 Harris & Benedict calculation for BEE:

Men : 66 + (13,7 x BW kg) + (5 x BH cm) (6,8 x age)

Women: 665 + (9,6 x BW kg) + (1,7 x BH cm) (4,7 x age)

Simple calculation for BEE:

Men : 1 Kkal / BW Kg / h = 24 Kkal / BW Kg / d

Women: 0,9 Kkal / BW Kg / h = 21,6 Kkal / BW Kg/ d
Factors that influence BEE

Body weight, height, age, gender,

growth, temperature, muscle mass,
sleep, endocrine activity, nutrition
status.
Age : above 20 BEE will decrease 2% every
10 y.
Gender : BEE in men > women (at age >10 y)
Growth : highest for baby and adolescence.
Height : the taller the higher BEE
Muscle mass : the greater the higher BEE
Temperature : every 1oC elevation of body
temperature (body temp above 37oC)
BEE will increase 13%
Sleep : BEE decrease 10%
Endocrine:- hiperthyroid: BEE increase
75-100%
- hipothyroid : BEE decrease
30-40%
- right before menstruation BEE
slightly increase and during
menstruation BEE decrease
Nutrition status: BEE decrease in PEM
Pregnancy : BEE increase 15-25%
 Physical Activity (PA)

PA very light = 10-30% BEE

PA light = 30-50% BEE
PA moderate = 50-80% BEE
PA heavy = 80-100% BEE
PA very heavy = > 100% BEE
 SDA or TEF
SDA /TEF is the amount of energy used for
digestion, absorption and utilization of food
consumed.
- SDA of protein 30% BEE
- SDA of carbohydrate < protein
- SDA of fat the lowest
 Level of Activity
Very light: - Activity in sitting position
- Bed rest
Light: Teacher, lecturer, general
practitioner, housewife.
Moderate: Farmer, student (+ sport),
office worker
Heavy : Athlete during TC, unskilled
worker, manual laborer,
army during training
Very heavy : Sawyer of wood,blacksmith,
ricksaw carrier, becak
driver.