Chapter 1

Introduction to Machinery Principles

Electric Machinery Edit by Chi-Shan Yu 1

 Text book and supplementary materials
of this course

Stephen J. Chapman
, PH PTR , 5th edition (Feb.
18, 2011),

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 Reference book

A. E. Fitzgerald, Electric
Machinery, McGraw-Hill
, 6th edition (July 25,
2002)

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 Electric Machinery

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 What to learn in this course ?

Energy Conversion schemes are the key ideas

introduced in this course
Which types of energy conversion are concerned?
Electric energy to electric energy
Transformer
Electric energy to mechanical energy
Motor
Mechanical energy to electric energy
Generator
Magnetic energy is essential !

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 Course Outlines - Overview of relative
electromagnetic theories

Magnetic field: Amperes law

Magnetic flux: magnetic material, hysteresis characteristics
Transformer: Faradays law, Lens law

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 Course Outlines - Overview of relative
electromagnetic theories

Magnetic circuit
Motor/generator: Induced voltage, induced force

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 Course Outlines - Transformer (3wks)

Ideal/non-ideal transformer
Equivalent transformer circuit
Voltage regulation, efficiency

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 Course Outlines - Basic electric machine
(motor/generator) theories

AC machine : induction machine, synchronous

machine
DC machine : separated excited, shunt excited, series
excited, compound excited
How the motor rotates ?
Torque/speed
How the generator to build output voltage ?
Voltage/current

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 Course Outline - induction
(asynchronous) machine

Induction motor (IM) the most widely used ac

motor in the world
Structure and operation theories of IM
Equivalent circuit of IM
Torque/speed characteristics
Basic motor control
Induction generator (seldom used)
Output voltage control
Voltage/current characteristics

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 Course Outline - synchronous machine

Synchronous generator (SG) the most widely used

generator in the world
Structure and operation theories of SG
Equivalent circuit of SG
Voltage/current characteristics
Parallel operation
Synchronous motor
Operation principles
Starting of synchronous motor
Torque/speed characteristics

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 History of Electric Machinery

DC generator, driven Thomas A. Edison opens

1882
by steam engines Pearl St. Station, NYC

Waterwheel-driven DC
generator installed in
Appleton, Wisconsin

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 History of Electric Machinery

Frank J. Sprague
1884 produces DC motor for
Edison systems

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 History of Electric Machinery

William Stanley
1885 develops commercially
practical transformer

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 History of Electric Machinery

Nikola Tesla presents

paper on two-phase ac
induction and
1888
synchronous motors

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 Todays development

DC Machine
Motor
Generator
Transformer
Single phase
Three phases
AC Machine
Synchronous machine motor, generator
Asynchronous machine (induction machine) motor,
generator

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 Todays development and future trends

Micro-step stepping motor

Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
Brushless dc motor (BLDCM)
Linear motor
Reluctance motor
Synchronous reluctance
Switched reluctance
Ultrasonic motor
Bionic robotics
MEMS motor

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 Course relation

It is the fundamental course of the electrical

engineering
Future courses
Power electronics
Motor control
Electric motor drive
Power systems
Renewable energy
Electrical vehicle

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 Chapter 1. Introduction to machinery
principles

1. Rotation motion, Newtons law and power

relationships
2. The magnetic field
3. Faradays law
4. Produce an induced force on a wire
5. Produce an induced voltage on a conductor
6. Linear dc machine examples
7. Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC circuits

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 Rotation motion, Newtons law and
power relationships

Clockwise (CW) and Counterclockwise (CCW)

CCW is assumed as the positive direction, CW is assumed as
the negative direction.
Linear and rotation motion
Position and angular
(meter) (degree or radian)
Speed and angular speed

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 Rotation motion, Newtons law and
power relationships

relationships

Acceleration and angular acceleration

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 Torque

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 Torque

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 Newtons law of rotation

1. Force

2. Torque

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 Torque and Work

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 Power (rate of doing work)

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 Conversion between watts and
horsepower

Watts and horsepower

ftlb = 1,36 Nm (Foot-pound kuvvet :ftlb)

Conversion between two units

5252 / 7.04 = 746.02
1hp = 746W = 0.746kW

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 The magnetic field

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 Produce a magnetic field Amperes law

1. The magnetic field is produced by amperes law

2. The core is a ferromagnetic material

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 From the magnetic field to magnetic flux
density

1. When the magnetic field is applied on a

ferromagnetic material, the magnetic flux density B
will be produced

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 Magnetic flux density and magnetic flux

1. Magnetic flux density

2. Magnetic flux

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 Magnetic Circuit magnetomotive force

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 Magnetic circuit

1. Magnetic circuit

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 Electric circuit and magnetic circuit

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 Reluctance in magnetic circuit

1. Series connection

2. Parallel connection

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 The errors in magnetic circuit
computation

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 The errors in magnetic circuit
computation

4. Air gap fringing effect

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 Example 1-1

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Figure 1-7
 Magnetic circuit

Figure 1-7

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 MATLAB Programs

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 Example 1-2

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 Example 1-2

Figure 1-8a
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 Example 1-2

Figure 1-8
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0.0012 m2
 Example 1-3

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Figure 1-9
Figure 1-9
Figure 1-9
 Magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic
material - Saturation

Figure 1-10
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 Magnetic curve for a typical steel

Figure 1-10
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 A plot of relative permeability mr

Figure 1-10
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 Example 1-4

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 Example 1-5

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0
Example

Figure 1-11a
Assume that fringing in the air increase the effective cross-sectional area
of the air gap by 5 percent. Calculate current in turns to produce 0.5 T air
gap flux density.

Figure 1-11b
 Energy loss in ferromagnetic core
hysteresis loss

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 Hysteresis loop residual flux

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 The effect of magnetomotive force on the
hysteresis loop

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 Magnetization curve

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 Hysteresis loss

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 Hysteresis loss

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 Faradays law induce voltage from a
time-varying magnetic field

1. Induced voltage magnitude and polarity

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 The induced voltage polarity Lenzs law

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 Flux and flux linkage

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 Example 1-6

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 Produce an induced force on a wire

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 Example 1-7

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 Example 1-7

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 Relationship between electric-magnetic
variables

Magnetic field: Amperes law

Magnetic flux: magnetic material, hysteresis characteristics
Transformer: Faradays law, Lens law

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 Induced voltage on a conductor

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 Example 1-8

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 Example 1-9

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 The linear DC machine a simple
example

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 Starting a linear DC machine

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 Starting a linear DC machine

1. Current

2. Induced force

3. Induced voltage

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 Starting a linear DC machine

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 Summarize of a dc machine starting

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 DC linear machine operates at no-load
condition

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 Linear dc motor

While the load is applied

The conversion power between mechanical and

electrical

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 Summarize of a dc motor operation

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 Linear dc generator

While the external force is applied on the moving

direction

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 Summarize of a dc generator operation

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 Starting problem of dc linear machine

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 Example 1-10

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 Example 1-10

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 Matlab/Simulink simulation

Equations:
F = ilB
e = vBl
i = (Vb-e) / R
dv/dt = (F-Fload)/m
Simulation parameters:
Vb=120V, R=0.3W, l = 1m
B=0.6T, m=0.1kg
Fload=10(u-1)-20(u-2) nt

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 Matlab/Simulink simulation

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 Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC
circuits

Power in DC circuit

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 Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC
circuits

AC source applies power to an impedance Z

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 Instantaneous power

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 Instantaneous power

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 Average power and reactive power

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 Reactive power Q and apparatus power S

1. Reactive power Q (var) is defined from

instantaneous power

2. Apparatus power S (VA) is defined to represent the

product of voltage and current magnitudes

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 Complex power representation

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 Complex power representation

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 Power direction

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 Power factor

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 Example 1-11

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 Three phase concepts

The three phase concepts are also introduced in

Appendix

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