DAS14203 PHYSICS II

CHAPTER 1: ELASTICITY
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
The objective of this chapter is to impart students with:
1. The concept of stress and strain.
2. The theory involved in elasticity including Hookes law, Young-, Shear-
, and bulk-modulus.
 LEARNING OUTCOME
Students should be able to:
1. Define elasticity and elastic deformation.
2. Draw the stress vs. strain graph
3. identify and explain the degree of elasticity of matter from the stress-
strain graph
4. explain and calculate the tensile, shear and bulk stress and strain and
the related modulus.
 OUTLINE
1.1 Stress and Strain
1.2 Stress-Strain Diagram
1.3 Hookes Law
1.4 Youngs Modulus
1.5 Shear Modulus
1.6 Bulk Modulus
1.7 Poissons Ratio
 1.1 STRESS AND STRAIN

Stress
- The force F per unit cross-sectional area, A.
- The SI unit: Nm-2 or Pascal (Pa).
Types of Stress

Tensile stress - stress that tends to stretch or

lengthen the material - acts normal to the
stressed area
Compressive stress - stress that tends to
compress or shorten the material - acts normal
to the stressed area
Shearing stress - stress that tends to shear the
material - acts in plane to the stressed area at
right-angles to compressive or tensile stress
Strain
- The elongation/extension L per unit original length Lo when there is a
distorting force applied on it.
Dimensionless quantity - always unitless

Types of strain:
Increase in length
1) Tensile strain = Original length

Decrease in length
2) Compressive strain = Original length
 In reality, all object are deformable

Deformation: when an external force is applied onto an object, it will change

in shape or size. This process is known as deformation.
Eg. spring, rubber

Elasticity: If the body returns to original shape or size when the external force
is removed, then it is said to be elastic.

So, elasticity is the ability of an object to regain its shape after being
distorted.
Eg. Rubber can regain its shape if the force that used to compress it is
removed.
EXAMPLE 1:

A load of 5.0 kg hangs from a vertical copper wire of length 2.50 m and cross-sectional
area 1.0 mm2. The extension of the wire is 2.80 mm. Calculate:
a) The stress, and
b) The strain of the copper wire

Solution:
5(9.81)
a) Stress, = = =
1x 103 2

= 4.91x107 Nm-2

2.8103
b) Strain, = =
2.5

= 1.12x10-3
EXAMPLE 2:

An 80 kg lamp is supported by a single electrical copper cable of diameter

d = 3.15 mm. What is the stress carried by the cable?

Solution:
 1.2 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

Note that the To measure the

shape of the mechanical properties
stress-strain of any material
diagram and
the values of Fy
and Fu depend
on the material
being tested.
1. Elastic limit the maximum stress a body can experience without becoming
permanently deformed.

2. Yield Point the stress beyond which a material becomes plastic.

3. Ultimate Tensile Strength the capacity of a material or structure to

withstand loads tending to elongate, as opposed to compressive strength,
which withstands loads tending to reduce size.

4. Fracture / Breaking Point beyond this point, the member will split into two
/ many pieces.
 There are four distinctive regions in the diagram shown.

The first zone is called elastic zone. Within this zone, if the load is released, the
member goes back to its original length. It is also said that the specimen has
elastic behavior.

When the specimen is stretched beyond the elastic limit, it yields. This means that
at its mid-length it becomes fluid or plastic, and it enters the plastic zone. The
stress at which steel yields is called the "yield stress". Within the plastic zone large
changes in length are obtained by only small increases in the strain. If the
sample is released, it will not go back to its original length and it will sustain a
permanent deformation.

The specimen becomes harder to pull when it enters the strain-hardening

zone, where the largest strength (or stress) called ultimate tension tensile stress
(Fu) is reached.

Beyond this point the resistance reduces until the specimen is split into two
pieces (fracture).
 1.3 HOOKES LAW
Hooke's law first stated formally by Robert Hooke in The True Theory of
Elasticity or Springiness (1676).
ut tensio, sic vis which can be translated literally into As extension, so force or
translated formally into extension is directly proportional to force (F e)
F = k e (k=force constant)
Hooke's law below the elastic limit, the restoring force is directly proportional
to the extension.
Can be generalized to Stress is proportional to strain, where strain refers to a
change in some spatial dimension (length, angle, or volume) compared to its
original value and stress refers to the cause of the change (a force applied to a
surface).
The coefficient that relates a particular type of stress to the strain that results is
called an elastic modulus (plural, moduli).
 EXAMPLE 3:

A wire of diameter 0.91 mm and length 1.50 m is used to support a load of 40 N.

If the force constant, k of the wire is 5.68x104 Nm-1, what is the stress and strain
of the wire?

Solution:

To find the extension of the wire, F = ke

40 = (5.68x104)e
e = 7.042x10-4 m

Strain of the wire = e/L @ L/L

= 7.042x10-4 / 1.50 = 0.469 mm

Stress = F/A ==> area = r = 6.50x10-7 m

= 6.15x107 Nm-2
 1.4 YOUNGS MODULUS
Youngs modulus (elastic modulus) Y of a material - the ratio of longitudinal
stress the forces applied normal to opposite faces.

SI unit - Nm-2 or Pascal (Pa) Y=


Can be deducted from the stress-strain graph E

Y = gradient

EXAMPLE 5:

A cylindrical brass rod with Youngs modulus 9.7x1010 Pa and original diameter 10.0 mm experiences
elastic deformation when a tensile load of 200 N is applied.

a) Compute the stress that produces the deformation.

b) If the original length of the rod is 0.25 m, calculate the change in the length of the rod.

Solution:
200
a) Stress = =
5.0x103 2

= 2.5x106 Nm-2

b) Youngs modulus Y = =

200 0.25
= =
Y 9.71010 5.0x103 2

= 6.6x10-6 m
EXAMPLE 6:

A type of glass has Y of 5x1010 Pa. It breaks when the strain is 4x10-4. A sample of this glass of
thickness d is bent into the shape of an arc of a circle as shown. This causes the glass along the
outer curve to stretch and along the inner curve to compress.

Assuming that the length of arc CC along the centre of the glass remains unchanged, find the
strain at the outer arc AA in terms of radius of curvature r of arc CC, and the thickness d of the
glass.
Hence, deduce the minimum radius of curvature for a piece of glass with the thickness 6 mm that
can be bent before breaking.
Solution:

Let the angle COC = (in radian)

Length of arc CC, s = r

Length of arc AA, s = (r + 2 )

Since (r + ) is the radius of arc AA, then the extension = s s
2
) r =

= (r + 2
2
strain =

= 2 =
2
Breaking strain = 4x10-4 (for d = 6 mm)
= 4x10-4
2
Hence, r = 7.5 m
 QUIZ

A steel rod 2.0 m long has a cross sectional area of 0.30cm2. The rod is now hung by one end from
a support structure, and a 550 kg milling machine is hung from the rods lower end. Determine the
stress, the strain, and elongation of the rod.
[Ysteel] = 20 x 1010 Pa (5 marks)

F (550kg)(9.8m / s 2 )
Stress 5 2
1.8 108
Pa
A (3.0 10 m )
L Stress 1.8 108 Pa 4
Strain 9.0 10
L E 20 1010 Pa
Elongation L ( Strain) Lo (9.0 10 4 )( 2.0m) 0.0018m
 1.5 SHEAR MODULUS
A force applied tangentially (or transversely or laterally) to the face of an object is
called a shear stress, S = F/A
The deformation that results is called shear strain, S = x/y
The coefficient that relates shear stress to shear strain is called
the shear modulus, S (rigidity modulus)

Shear stress S
S=
Shear strain S
No change in volume
EXAMPLE 7:

A rectangular shaped block of jelly is 12 cm x 12 cm x 4 1 cm

cm when no force is applied to it. When a tangential
force of magnitude 0.49 N is applied to the upper
surface of the block, the surface is displaced 1 mm 4 cm
relative to the fixed lower surface as shown in figure.
Compute;

i) The shearing stress,

ii) The shearing strain, and 12 cm
iii) The shear modulus of the jelly
Solution:

i) Stress, = F / A
0.49
= = 34.0 Nm-2
.

1
ii) Strain, = tan = = 0.25
4

iii) Shear Modulus, S = / = 136 Nm-2

 EXAMPLE 8:

An outdoor sculpture made of brass base plate; experiences shear forces

as a result of an earthquake. The frame is 0.8 m x 0.8 m large and 0.5 cm
thick. How large a force must have been exerted on each of its edges if
the displacement is 0.16 mm? (Sbrass = 3.5 x 1010 Pa)
Solution:

0.8 m
0.5 x 10-2m F L
A (0.8)(0.5 102 ) S
A x
A F 4 103 m2 F 0.8
0.8 m 3.5 1010
x 0.16 103 m 4 103 0.16 103
L 0.8m F 2.8 104 N
 1.6 BULK MODULUS
A force applied uniformly over the surface of an object will
compress it uniformly.
This changes the volume of the object without changing its
shape.
The stress in this case is simply described as a pressure
(P = F/A)
The resulting volume strain is measured by the fractional
change in volume (V/V0)
The coefficient that relates stress to strain under uniform
compression is known as the bulk modulus, B(compression
modulus)
B=
 EXAMPLE 9:

A hydraulic press contains 0.3 m3 of oil. Find the decrease in the

volume of the oil when subjected to a pressure increase of P = 2
x107 Pa. (Boil = 5 x 109 Pa)

Solution:
PV
B
V
(2 10 7
)(0.3)
5 10
9

V
V 1.2 103 m3
 EXAMPLE 10:

In a material testing experiment, a copper specimen is subjected to a change in

pressure of 345 MPa. The volume of the specimen is found to decrease by 0.25%.
Determine the bulk modulus of copper.

Solution:

Volume strain, = -0.25%

Bulk modulus, B = -

0.25
=- = -
100

100
Hence B = (345x106)= 1.38E11 Nm-2
0.25
 EXAMPLE 11 (pass year exam
2010/2011 Q3 (a)

Solution:

B=-

.
(V) = -

V = - (100 ml)
.

V = - 0.0714 ml
EXAMPLE 12 (pass year exam 2 2013/2014 Q3 (a)
 Answer:

Bwater = Bblood = 2.3x109 Pa, 1 atm. = 1.103x105 Pa (Po pressure at sea level)

a) In term of atm. the bulk modulus of water

1 atm.
9
B (atm.) = 2.3x10 Pa x = 2.09x104 atm.
1.103x105 Pa
1 1
Compressibility, k = = 4 = 4.78x10-5 atm.-1
2.09x10 atm.

b) The pressure increase by 1.0x104 Pa per meter (1.0x104 Pa/m)

Changes in volume of each cm3???

B=- V = -



( )
.
=- (. )
.

= - 1.43x10-4 cm3
Given Bulk modulus of steel = 16.0x1010 Pa Density of water = 1000 kgm-3
V P Patm.+ h
c) =- =-
Vo B B
Absolute pressure (chapter 2)
1.103x105 Pa +(1000)(9.81)(10000)
=- 16x1010 Pa

= - 6.14x10-4

4
Volume of solid steel sphere = r3
3
V
= - 6.14x10-4
Vo

V = - 3.2x10-4 m3
 1.7 POISSONS RATIO
Poisson's ratio is - the ratio of the relative contraction
strain (or transverse strain) normal to the applied load -
to the relative extension strain (or axial strain) in the
direction of the applied load
Poisson's Ratio can be expressed as
= - t / l
where
= Poisson's ratio
t = transverse strain
l = longitudinal or axial strain
A negative sign is needed to show that the changes are
usually of opposite type (+ extension, vs. contraction).
SUMMARY

Elastic Moduli - properties of materials

Modulus Stress Strain Configuration

(symbols) Change

Young's Normal to Length Longer and thinner

(Y) opposite faces = L/L0 or shorter and fatter

Shear Tangential to Tangent Rectangles become

(S) opposite faces = x/y parallelograms

Bulk Normal to all faces, Volume Volume changes

(B) pressure = V/V0 but shape does not
Elasticity Moduli