Energy

Module I
 Energy: the ability to do work or cause changes in
matter
Energy is measured in joules (J)
The original source of all energy on earth is the sun
Work: The transfer of energy to an object by a force
that causes the object to move in the direction of that
force
Work = Force x Distance (W=FD)
Force is measured in newtons (N)
Distance is measured in meters (m)
Work is measured in joules (J)
If a force is applied to an object and it doesnt
move, no work is being done.
 Sample Problems

A person applies 10N of force to move a

chair 5m. How much work was done?

A person applies 20N of force to move a

stack of books 2m. How much work is
done?

A person applies 100N of force to a large

rock and it moves 0m, how much work is
done?
Work and energy are related
Energy is the ability to do work, and
work requires a transfer of energy.
Energy and work are both measured in
joules (J)
 Forms of Energy
Kinetic Energy: energy of motion
More mass = more kinetic energy
More speed = more kinetic energy
Potential Energy: stored energy based
on an objects relative position or
condition
Potential energy can be transformed into
kinetic energy and back again.
Energy Transformation Examples
 More forms of Energy
Mechanical Energy: The sum of the objects
potential and kinetic energy. (ME = KE + PE)
Thermal Energy: Total kinetic energy of all
the particles that make up an object.
Particles move faster at higher
temperatures.
Warmer objects have more thermal energy
Larger objects have more thermal energy
Electromagnetic Energy: The kinetic energy of
electromagnetic waves, which include visible
light, x-rays, and microwaves.
Sound Energy: Kinetic energy caused by
vibration of particles in a medium. The
vibrations produce sound.
Electrical Energy: the kinetic energy of
moving electrical charges.
Gravitational Potential Energy: Energy stored
in an object due to its physical position and
the force of gravity acting on it.
Elastic Energy: potential mechanical energy
stored in an object when work is performed to
change its shape. Ex: a stretched rubberband
Chemical Energy: potential energy stored in
the chemical bonds of a substance. Ex:
batteries, fuels, matches, food
Nuclear Energy: potential energy stored in
the nucleus of an atom. Released when an
atoms nucleus breaks apart or when two
nuclei join. Ex: energy from the sun
 Energy Transfer and Transformation

Energy Transfer: When two objects collide, each

exerts a force on the other that can cause energy to
pass from one object to another.
Example: A ball rolls into a ball that is at rest. Now
both balls are rolling. Energy has been transferred
from the first ball to the second.
Energy Transformation: When energy changes from
one form to another.
Example: When the balls collide, they also made a
noise. Some mechanical energy has been changed
to sound energy.
See pg 11 for more examples
How Heat Energy is Transferred
Thermal Energy Transfer

Thermal energy always

flows from the hottest areas
to the coolest areas.
 Energy Equations

Kinetic Energy depends on the speed and

mass of an object. Increasing speed has
more of an effect than increasing mass.
Kinetic Energy = mv2
Kinetic energy = mass x velocity2
Mass (m) is measure in grams. Velocity (v)
is an objects speed and direction.
Example

If a 100g ball was rolling at a

velocity of 4 m/s, what is its kinetic
energy?
Gravitational Potential Energy: depends on
the mass of an object and the height of an
object. Both factors affect potential energy
to the same degree.
GPE = mgh
GPE = mass x 9.8m/s2 x height
Mass is measured in grams (g)
9.8 m/s2 is acceleration due to gravity,
height is measured in meters (m).
Sample Problem

In our egg helmet lab, the mass of

each egg was 50g. We held them at
1.5 meters above the ground. How
much gravitational potential energy
did the eggs have?
Conservation of Energy

The law of Conservation of Energy:

energy is never created or
destroyed, it is only transformed or
transferred.
Energy can never be lost in a
system. It may be changed to heat,
light, or sound.
Energy Transformation Example
Homework
In your science notebook, draw an example of energy
transformation.
Criteria:
Your drawing must be colored and labeled.
Must include a minimum of three Different types of
energy. Do 5 for extra credit!
Must explain how one form of energy becomes
another
Constraints:
Can not use an example from this presentation