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Agenda

UL transmission process
Bandwidth requests
UL scheduling and resource allocation
UL data transmission and HARQ
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Uplink Channels Mapping

RLC

MAC

Physical

Air interface
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Physical Channels Supporting Uplink TX

PRACH initial random access and

UL timing alignment
PUSCH channel used for
transmission of user data and
upper layer signaling
PUCCH uplink control channel
used for scheduling requests for UE A
eNodeB
synchronized UEs
PDCCH uplink scheduling grants
PHICH HARQ feedback channel
supporting UL transmission
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Uplink Channels Mapping

The mapping of transport channels and UL control information (UCI) to physical channels is a task of the physical
layer (PHY). Furthermore reference signals are provided by the physical layer which do not transfer any higher
layer information.

Logical channel mapping is provided by the MAC layer.

Physical channel for data and signaling from higher layers:

Physical Uplink Shared Channel, PUSCH.
Physical Random Access Channel, PRACH.

Physical channels with UL control - related signaling:

Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH.

Signals with no information of higher layers:

Demodulation Reference Signals (DRS).
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS).
 UL Transmission
6

1. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)

(UL scheduling request)
2. UL Sounding Reference Signal
(used by Node-B for channel dependent scheduling)

3. UL Demodulation Signal

(UL channel estimation, demodulation, Like DPCCH in

UMTS)
4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
eNodeB UE A
(UL grant capacity allocation)
5. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
(user data initial transmission)
6. PHlCH Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)

7. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

(user data eventual re-transmission)
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Uplink Reference Signals

Demodulation Reference Sounding Reference

Signals Signals

Associated with transmission of Not associated with UL data

uplink data on PUSCH or PUCCH transmissions

Used for channel estimation for Used for estimation of the UL

coherent detection and channel quality to enable the
demodulation (both PUCCH and channel dependent scheduling
PUSCH)
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Uplink Reference Signals

Associated with PUCCH and PUSCH data transmission
Basically the same structure for both PUCCH DRS and PUSCH DRS
The main differences are the allocated bandwidth and the timing
Used for channel estimation:
For coherent detection and demodulation
Power control in UL
Timing estimation
Properties of DM-RS sequences
Small power variations in frequency domain
Small power variations in time domain
The variations in UL transmission power should be kept as low as possible
and maximize the power available for data transmission(for coverage
reasons)
Two modes of operation of SRS
Wideband SRS UE send the sequence across the entire spectrum
Hopping SRS UE sends narrowband sequence that hops across different
parts of the spectrum

In UL the reference signals are time multiplexed with the data transmission of the same
terminal
 Design of Demodulation Reference Signals DRS
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Position of DRS

Time domain:
For PUCCH: the number and the exact position of the DRS is dependent on the
format (1/1a/1b or 2/2a/2b) used
For PUSCH: every 4th symbol in every time
slot (the 3rd symbol for the extended cyclic
prefix)

Frequency domain:
DRS has the same bandwidth like
the UL transmission of the terminal
 PUCCH and PUSCH Multiplexing
10

PUCCH as a kind of guard band for the UL transmission (defining the maximum UL
Transmission Bandwidth)
Maximize the available PUSCH region for user data

PUCCH

Total UL Bandwith

PUSCH
Frequency

12 subcarriers

PUCCH

PUCCH contains UCI = UL Control Information

UCI could indicate:
1 subframe = 1ms Scheduling requests
HARQ ACK/NACK for DL transmission
Time CQI = Channel Quality Indicator
 11

PUCCH
PUCCH Mapping for ACK/NACK only and Scheduling Request
12
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PUCCH mapping of CQI and other information

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Uplink Data Transmission Scheduling - Persistent Scheduling

In this scheduling mode, Network send 'Grant' in DCI
Format 0 for every sub-frame.
1. Network send the first data on DL PDSCH and PDCCH
which has DCI format 1 for DL Data Decoding and DCI
format 0 for UL Grant. (If there is no downlink data to
be transmitted, network transmits only DPCCH with
DCI format 0 without any DPSCH data)
2. UE decode PCFICH to figure CFI value.
3. UE decode PDCCH and get the information on DCI
format 1
4. Based on DCI format 1, UE decode DL data.
5. UE decode the information on DCI format 0 from
PDCCH
6. UE send ACK/NAK for DL data through UCI (UCI will be
carried by PUCCH)
7. UE check the Grant field.
8. If Grant is allowed, UE transmit the uplink data through
PUSCH
9. Network decode PUSCH data and send ACK/NACK via
PHICH
10. UE decode PHICH and retransmit the data if PHICH
carries NACK
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Uplink Data Transmission Scheduling - Non Persistent Scheduling

1. UE send SR (Scheduling Request) on PUCCH

2. Network send UL Grant (DCI 0) on PDCCH
3. UE decode DCI 0 and transmit PUSCH based on the RBs
specified by DCI 0
4. Network decode the PUSCH
5. Network send ACK/NACK on PHICH
6. If Network send NACK, go to step i)
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Scheduling Request (SR) on the PUCCH

There are special SR resources on the PUCCH. Here the UE can
request to be scheduled UL data. In case an a DL transmission
has to be acknowledged at the same time this will happen on
the same resource.
Otherwise the acknowledgement will be on the following
resources:
Small amount of L1 information on the PUCCH
Big amount of L1 information on the PUSCH
L1 information on the PUSCH multiplexed with the TrCH data
Sounding reference symbols PUSCH resources
 SRI/ACK/CQI Multiplexed on PUCCH
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There are The scenarios in which the UE should sent SRI / ACK or CQI at the same time, for these the solution is
Multiplexing or dropping signaling data.

Possible Scenarios for multiplexing

SRI and CQI simultaneously

The scheduling request indicator SRI has higher priority -> only SRI will be sent so the CQI is dropped

SRI and ACK/NACK and CQI simultaneously

The HARQ ACK will be sent on the SRI resources and the CQI will be dropped

ACK/NACK and CQI simultaneously

It is possible to multiplex them together on the same Subframe (1 ms)

The size in frequency of the overall PUCCH region is variable depending on available bandwidth and amount of
signalling.
 Resource Allocation
18

The size of the overall PUCCH region is dependent on:

For CQI (periodic) the resources are reserved in advance and depend on the number of RRC connected users
For ACK/ NACK the number of resources is directly related with the size of the Downlink PDCCH region (1,2,3
symbols) which in turn is dependent on the number of the DL scheduled users
For SRI (Scheduling Request Indicator )the resources are allocated on the need basis
The overall number of the Resource Blocks used in UL is configured by higher layer parameters
The UE knows the parameters from the system information. The main parameters used are:
Maximum Resource Blocks used in one time slot (0,5 ms)
The actual size is dependent on the cell load (scheduling decision)
Number of Resource Blocks reserved for CQI periodic reporting -
Number of cyclic shifts reserved for the formats 1/1a/1b
This parameter is used with shared PUCCH resource blocks between formats 1/1a/1b and 2/2a/2b
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Resource Allocation

The resource allocation for PUCCH is too big for only one UE

The resource allocation for one user = 1 resource block (12 subcarriers in 1 ms)
This may be too big for the transmission of the signalling associated to only one UE (ACK/ Resource Request/
CQI)

Multiple UEs could be multiplexed on the same resource block

Multiple UEs may share the same resource block.

 Sounding Reference Signals SRS
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The SRS can be used for:

initial Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) selection

initial power control for data transmissions

timing advance eNodeB

UE A

Frequency dependent scheduling for the UL

 Sounding Reference Signals SRS
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Subframe 0

Why Demodulation References Signals cannot be used instead of Slot 1 Slot 2

SRS?
The demodulation reference signals are only sent on the
transmitted bandwidth!
PUSCH DM RS
We need an estimation of the whole spectrum so the SRS
may cover a different, often larger, frequency span than for
example PUSCH (if they are transmitted together).

36 Subcarriers
The SRS is not necessarily transmitted together with any
physical channel
Sub frame configuration
The Sub frames in which SRS are transmitted by any UE within
the cell are indicated by cell-specific broadcast signaling.
Position
The SRS transmissions are always in the last SC-FDMA symbol SRS
in the configured Sub frames
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Normal CP
 Duration and Periodicity of SRS Transmissions
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2 ms (SRS minimum
transmission periodicity)

The eNodeB in LTE may either request: Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 2

An individual SRS transmission from a UE
Periodically transmission from a UE
If periodic SRS transmissions are configured for a UE, the
periodicity may be any of 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 or 320 ms

16 RBs
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SRS Symbol Structure

Comb-like
spectrum

Interleaved FDMA
Interleaved FDMA (IFDMA) is used in the SRS
SCFDMA symbol, with a Repetition Factor
(RPF) of 2. 0
Implies that the signal occupies every 2nd 0
X0SRS

OFDM Modulator
subcarrier within the allocated sounding 0
bandwidth with a comb-like spectrum X1SRS
A UE is assigned, as part of its configurable 0
SRS parameters, the transmissionComb
index (0 or 1) on which to transmit the SRS. 0
XM-1SRS
0
0
 SRS Bandwidths
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Wideband SRS Transmission Narrowband SRS Transmission

(Non Frequency hopping SRS ) (Frequency hopping SRS )
System bandwidths 4060 RBs.
Subframe 0Subframe 1Subframe 2Subframe 0Subframe 1Subframe 2 SRS BW SRSB SRS SRS SRS
config. W0 BW 1 BW 2 BW
3
0 48 24 12 4

More 1 48 16 8 4
wideband
16 RBs

SRS
2 40 20 4 4
bandwidth
= 4 RBs 3
= 12 RBs 3 36 12 4 4

4 32 16 8 4

5 24 4 4 4

6 20 4 4 4

7 16 4 4 4
Minimum Narrow
SRS bandwidth
Sounding reference signal = 4 RBs
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SRS Bandwidths
UE far from eNodeB cannot increase its transmit power to maintain the transmission across the full bandwidth

Full bandwidth transmission limits the number of simultaneous UEs whose channels can be sounded, due to the limited
number of cyclic time shifts

So, Up to 4 SRS bandwidths can be simultaneously supported in LTE depending on the system bandwidth , it improve the
SNR and support a larger number of SRS 8 sets of four SRS bandwidths are defined for each possible system bandwidth
which provide flexibility with the values for the SRS bandwidths
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Multiplexing of SRS
Frequency multiplexing Cyclic time shifts
UE1 SRS UE2 SRS multiplexing
UE3 SRS UE4 SRS
UE1
phase rotation 1

UE2
phase rotation 2
36 Subcarriers

UE3
phase rotation 3

UE4
phase rotation 4

Slot 1 36 Subcarriers
Slot 0
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Multiplexing of SRS

Simultaneous SRS can be transmitted from multiple UEs using the same RBs by using different cyclic time shifts of
the same base sequence to achieve orthogonal separation
Multiple UEs share the same RB and the same offset of the comb
Eight (evenly-spaced) cyclic time shifts per SRS-comb are supported with the cyclic shift being configured
individually for each UE
Reference signals must span the same frequency band
Through frequency multiplexing by assigning different UEs to different frequency shifts or combs .
Transmission doesnt cover identical frequency bands
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HARQ
The "H" in HARQ means "Hybrid, means ARQ with FEC (forward error correction).
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FEC & ARQ

There are two different approaches to error correction:

FEC - Forward Error Correction

Introduces redundancy in the transmitted signal by adding parity bits.
Can only correct a certain number of errors

ARQ - Automated Repeat reQuest

Receiver performs Cyclic Redundancy Check of the received data. If the received packet is error-free, the
reception will be acknowledged and the packet accepted, otherwise a retransmission will be requested.
Adds delay for every erroneously received bit
HARQ with Chase Combining
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HARQ with Soft Combining

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HARQ Process

A little bit different mode of HARQ process is used depending on whether it is for FDD or TDD and whether it is for Uplink and
Downlink.

i. For Downlink
It can use the 8 HARQ processes in any order (Asynchronous Process).
UE does not know anything about HARQ process information for DL data before it gets it. So Network send these
information (Process ID, RV) in PDCCH (DCI, Refer to DCI section of this site).

ii. For Uplink

It have to use the specific process in a specific sub-frame (Synchronous Process). UE has to use the same HARQ
process number every 8 sub-frames.
Since UE have to use specific HARQ process ID at specific sub-frame, the receiver (eNodeB) knows exactly which HARQ
process comes when. And eNodeB can also knows about RV because UL Grant (DCI 0) from eNodeB can specify RV
using MCS field.
It has two mode of operation : Adaptive and Non-Adaptive HARQ
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Adaptive UL HARQ Process

Adaptive UL HARQ Process (Each UL retransmission uses different RV and the RV is determined by DCI 0).
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Non Adaptive UL HARQ Process

Each UL retransmission uses different RV and the RV is determined by predefined sequence

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HAPPY LEARNING

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