Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Migration
The Causes of International Labor
Migration
International labor migration covers the whole world: both the development
part and the underdeveloped periphery.
More than half of migrants come from developing countries and countries with
economies in transition.
The Causes of International Labor
Migration
Caused by:
a scientific and technological revolution
monopolization of the international markets of labor and capital
internationalization and integration processes
For modern European migrations such directions are characteristic: from less
developed countries of Southern and Eastern Europe (Greece, Spain, Turkey,
Poland, Hungary, etc.) to the advanced countries of Western and Northern
Europe (France, England, Germany, Sweden, etc.); from the countries of North
Africa, India, Pakistan to the West European labor market; labor movements
from one advanced country to another.
The important centre of gravity of labor is Australia.
The area of Persian Gulf became new point of concentration of international
groups of labor, where in 1975 the aggregate number of nonlocal population
in 6 countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United
Arab Emirates)
On the African continent the centers of gravity are the countries of Southern
and Central Africa. The aggregate number of migrants in all countries of Africa
reaches 6 million people
The Modern Centers of International
Labor Migration
Along with Western Europe, for last two decades the new centers
of gravity of foreign workers reflecting labor migration from one
developing country to another, moving of foreign labor from more
developed to less developed countries, which in general was not
characteristic for interstate migration in the past. These include, in
the first place, the new industrial countries of Asian-Pacific region.
And in Latin America they are Argentina, Venezuela, Brazil.
The largest direction of migration in the world is the Mexico - United
States one: in 2011 the number of migrants amounted to 11.6
million people. The next ones by the volume are: Russia - Ukraine,
Ukraine - Russia, Bangladesh - India; in these directions, many
indigenous people were migrants without moving to other
countries, as a result of the establishment of new state borders
The Modern Centers of International
Labor Migration
Structure of labor, which migrates to industrially developed countries and between the
developed countries, is characterized by two moments.
The first one - the necessity of a high share of the highly skilled and scientific personnel for
development of new directions of scientific and technical progress. Industrially
developed countries stimulate such moving of labor with the right of reception of the
status of the constant resident. So, the share of foreigners among engineers in the USA is
over 10 %, doctors over 20 %. The brain drain in the USA occurs from both the
developing countries and the countries with economies in transition. Within the EU the
highly-skilled personnel concentrates in the most developed countries.
The second one: there is a considerable share of labor for branches with physically heavy,
low qualification and unattractive kinds of work. For example, in France emigrants make
25 % of all occupied in building, 1/3 in motor industry. In Belgium they make half of all
miners, in Switzerland 40 % of building workers.
The consequences of International
Labor Migration