ADMSSON CONTROL

1- Why we need Admission Control in CDMA

2- What is Admission Control
3- Admission Treshold Settings
WHY WE NEED ADMISSION CONTROL

Unlike in an FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) or TDMA (Time division

multiple access) system the number of users in the system does not have a
fixed upper bound as no channels are present. Instead the system is
interference limited and has a soft capacity which changes depending on the
interference felt at the base station at a given time. If interference increases
beyond an acceptable level the system becomes unstable and may lead to
call dropping
 Admitting a new call always increases the interference level in the system.
Hence a robust method of accepting or blocking potential users, i.e. a Call
Admission Control (CAC) technique, is required. The basic strategy under heavy
congestion is to protect ongoing calls by denying a new user access to the
system because dropping an ongoing call is considered to be far worse than
blocking a new call.
WHAT IS ADMISSION CONTROL

Admission control, blocks new incoming calls as well as handover attempts

when the load in the system is high.
By doing that, the call dropping probability is reduced.
Admission control is used in both the uplink and downlink
The admission decision is based on air interface load, by using measurements
of uplink interference, downlink output power as well as the actual number of
users.
 Figure 1-1

In the illustration in Figure 1-1 the last UE is blocked because the cell load
has reached the defined admission limit
 ADMISSION TRESHOLD SETTINGS
There are nine admission policies to control the blocking;
UL ASE
DL ASE
DL TX cell power
Spreading factor usage
Code usage
Amount of HS users
Congestion
HW usage
Number of in compressed mode
Understanding of which cause(s) to trigger blocking is necessary to solve the problem
Figure 1-2 The Admission control flow
 When new resources are needed for a radio connection, (a new radio link is
set up or an existing radio link is modified), the Admission Control function
receives a request for admission
The request specifies the estimated amount of dedicated monitored resources
that the radio connection needs. This estimation is compared to the available
resources and the configured limits for admission set by the operator, and a
response is sent out to grant or deny the new radio link access to a cell.
To decide on the requests, the Admission Control function requires information
about the load on the dedicated monitored resources and the amount of
resources needed by the requester.
 pmNoReqDeniedAdm: The counter shows the number of RRC establishment requests and
RAB establishment requests denied for a cell. Please note that this counter is stepped
up for RRC establishment, RAB establishment or channel up-switching if admission
control triggers the blocking in a cell.
pmNoFailedAfterAdm: Number of RRC establishment requests and RAB establishment
requests failed after being admitted, both drifting and nondrifting UEs. This counter is
increased after the admission is accepted for radio resources issue, but when it is
denied due to a shortage of transport network resources/channel elements
The solution to the admission control blocking problem is to check if the admission
thresholds (i.e. ulHwAdm, hsdpaUsersAdm maximumTransmissionPower,
aseUlAdmOffset, beMarginAseDl, beMarginAseUl, beMarginDlCode,
compModeAdm, dlCodeAdm) match to the original planned capacity.
WHAT IS RAB & RRC

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6

If you managed to understand how the above problem was solved,
congratulations, you just understand how the most common form of UMTS-
WCDMA and LTE communication happens!
UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access Network
NodeB
RNC
UE: User Equipment
CN: Core Network
RRC: Radio Resource Control
RAB: Radio Access Bearer
CONGESTION CONTROL BLOCKS
Congestion control is used to resolve overload in both the uplink and the downlinkdownlink. As shown in the figure below,
congestion due to radio overload in uplink is detected when the uplink Received Total Wideband Power (RWTP) exceeds a
certain configurable threshold for a longer time than the hysteresis time. The threshold for detection of uplink congestion is
determined by iFCong + iFOffset and the hysteresis time is determined by iFHyst.
Congestion Control considers uplink congestion to be resolved when the uplink RTWP for a particular cell is below iFCong
for a longer time than the hysteresis time
RBS HW
The RBS Hardware Monitor provides Admission Control with the estimation of the hardware usage in a
local cell group, separately for the uplink and the downlink
The relation among the RBS hardware admission policy parameters, the downlink resource usage in the
relevant local cell group and the admission request parameters are almost the same as the uplink
resource check as shown below.

If there are a lot of admission blocks due to RBS HW the solution

to this is either a parameter change or adding new hardware with
the license keys that are retrieved by contacting Ericsson product
management.
Three parameters, ulHwAdm, dlHwAdm, beMarginUlHw and
beMarginDlHw, are related to the RBS HW resource control.
HS USERS
The HS-DSCH is a shared transport channel. If a very large amount of users simultaneously are assigned
to this channel the throughput per user can become very low. If that is the case, no user might experience
a sufficient end-to-end quality. Therefore, it can be beneficial to the operator to be able to limit the
number of users that can be allocated to the HS-DSCH in a cell.
Admission Control blocks new radio link admission requests which involve the allocation to HS-PDSCH/HS-
SCCH when the number of users assigned to the HS-DSCH in the cell exceeds hsdpaUsersAdm.

Note that the HSDPA admission policy is only applied to requests for new HSDPA connections, which follow
the Serving HS-DSCH Cell Selection during RAB Establishment. Therefore, requests related to mobility of
existing HSDPA connections, which follow the Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change, are never blocked by the
HSDPA admission policy.
DL TX POWER

Three parameters, pwrAdm, beMarginDlPwr and pwrAdmOffset, are related to downlink transmitted carrier power and are
used by Admission Control to decide which admission requests to admit or reject.
The operator can limit the total maximum power utilized by R99 connections that is allowed to be transmitted by an RBS in a cell
by setting maximumTransmissionPower. The remaining power can then be used for transmission of HS-PDSCH/HS-SCCH
channels to HSDPA users
ASE BLOCK

The ASE of a single radio link depends on the radio connection type and is expressed in terms of the equivalent number of
speech radio bearers that generate the same amount of air-interface load. Using this definition, a radio link that has, for
example, an ASE of three in downlink is expected to generate as much interference in downlink as three speech radio
bearers in the cell.
The default setting for the admission policy for the Air Interface Speech Equivalents (ASE) in uplink aseUlAdm is based on
the characteristic dimensioning of the system not to be loaded more than 60% of its pole capacity.
SPREADING FACTOR USAGE POLICY

Admission Control controls the spreading factor usage in the downlink at cell level and the number of radio
links in compressed mode.
Admission Control blocks non-guaranteed service class radio links depending on the spreading factor usage
monitored by the Histogram Monitor.
Note that (guaranteed, <any>) access requests are
not influenced by the admission policy, but their
contribution to the resource utilization is considered
in the monitor.
Admission Control blocks (guaranteed, <any>) admission
requests demanding spreading factor 16 in downlink
(streaming PS16/128 radio connection type) when the
usage of this spreading factor exceeds sf16gAdm. By
limiting the amount of streaming PS16/128 users that can
share the system resources with other guaranteed service
class radio connection types, it is possible to differentiate
accessibility of system resources between high (streaming
PS16/128) and low consuming radio links within the
guaranteed service class.
DOWNLINK CODE ALLOCATION POLICY

To reserve codes for users in hand over, there is code blocking for non-hand over requests, while
requests for hand over are not blocked by the downlink channelization code admission policy. It
should be noted that hand over requests can fail on the allocation of the downlink code and this is
detected when allocating the downlink code.
The default admission limit dlCodeAdm is set to 80% (reserving 20% of the code tree for new
handover legs). This setting is intended for HSDPA enabled cells and is equivalent to a
dlCodeAdm of 75% when HSDPA is not enabled in the cell. In a network with a high degree of
R99 packet users or cells with both HSDPA and R99 traffic, this value needs to be increased even
further in order to avoid unnecessary code blocking. Setting dlCodeAdm to 85% and
beMarginDlCode to 5% will maximize the code tree usage and still allow a margin for new soft
handover legs.
COMPRESSED MODE

The setting for the compressed mode admission policy, compModeAdm,

restricts the number of users in compressed mode. If the presence of
compressed mode connections using SF/2 compressed mode technique is high
and the quality of the common channels in a cell is degrading, it can be
desirable to restrict the number of radio links that are allowed in compressed
mode in the cell How many users are in compressed mode? Well the average
number of user in compressed mode for a cell:
pmSampesCompMode / pmSumCompMode
THANK FOR YOUR PATIENCE