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Functions of the circulatory system
The circulatory system has three functions:
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Blood
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Red blood cells
Blood is made up of a number of different elements.
The most common cell in blood is the red blood cell.
Also called erythrocytes.
Disc-shaped.
Made in the bone marrow.
Contain a red-coloured
compound called haemoglobin
which bonds with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin.
Transport oxygen to the tissues.
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The circulatory system
Deoxygenated Oxygenated
blood is
lungs blood returns
pumped from to the heart
the heart to the through the
lungs through pulmonary
the pulmonary vein.
artery.
Oxygenated
Deoxygenated blood is pumped
blood returns to at high pressure
the heart from the heart to
through the the body through
vena cava. bodys the aorta.
cells
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The circulatory system
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Blood vessels
There are three types of blood vessels, as shown in this
magnified part of the circulatory system.
blood from blood to the
the heart heart
artery vein
carries blood carries blood
away from back into
the heart the heart
carries blood to
and from the
bodys cells
No valves
Blood enters in
arterioles
Only endothelium
wrapped round by a few
muscles fibres
Sphincters
Circular muscle fibres
Regulation
Capillaries
Extremely small
Blood vessel located within the tissues of the body, that
transports blood from arteries to veins
Most abundant in tissues and organs that are metabolically
active.
Muscle tissues and the kidneys have a greater amount of
capillary networks than do connective tissues.
Capillaries
Structure of Capillaries
No muscle
No elastic
No valves
Thin layer of cells
only
4- 10 um diameter
Valves
backflow
vein valve prevented
open
vein valve
blood closed
to the
When muscles
heart
move they
squeeze the
blood through
the veins. This The valves allow but close if blood
is the Muscle
Pump Action blood to flow in the starts to flow in the
correct direction wrong direction. 27
Semi-lunar Valves
Backflow of blood
causes the valves
to close.
ARTERY Vein
Thick muscle layer Thin muscle layer
Thick elastic layer Thin elastic layer
No valves Valves
Capillary
No muscle
No elastic
No valves
Thin layer of cells on
Blood vessels
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The Changing Structure of Blood Vessels in
Relation to Function
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DA: True or False
1. The arteries have thick walls to resist high pressure from the heart.
2. The venules have sphincters to prevent the blood from flowing back.
3.
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The Roles of the Blood Circulation
System
Function in Organism Transport Role of Circulation
Tissue respiration Transport of oxygen to all
tissues and carbon dioxide to
the lungs
Hydration Transport of water to all the
tissues
Nutrition Transport of nutrients &
inorganic ions
Excretion Transport of waste products of
metabolism to kidneys, lungs
and sweat glands
Temperature regulation Distribution of heat
Development & coordination Transport of hormones from33
endocrine glands to target
Exchange in the Tissues & the
Formation of Tissue Fluid
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As blood flows through the
capillaries, some of the plasma
leaks out through the gaps
between the cells of capillary
walls, and seeps into spaces
between the cells of the tissues.
This liquid is called tissue fluid.
Tissue fluid is very similar to
blood plasma except that it
contains far fewer protein
molecules as these are too large
to escape through the tiny holes
in the capillary endothelium.
Red blood cells are also too
large but some white blood cells
such as neutrophils can squeeze
through the gaps.
Other small substances that are
found in tissue fluid include
glucose, urea, amino acids and
water.
Tissue fluid
When blood passes through the capillaries
Capillaries work as a net
So it retains:
RBCs
Platelets
Plasma proteins
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Cardiac muscle
The four chambers of the heart have special names:
An upper chamber is called an atrium (plural: atria).
right
atrium left
atrium
right left
ventricle ventricle
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Stages of a heartbeat
Stage 1:
A heartbeat begins
with the heart muscle
relaxed and valves
closed.
Blood flows into the
two atria and both
sides fill up with
blood.
This blood has to be
pushed through the
valves to get into the
ventricles. How does
this happen?
Stages of a heartbeat
Stage 2:
The atria contract
and the blood is
squeezed which
causes the valves
leading to the
ventricles to open.
Blood then flows
from the atria into
the ventricles.
What happens to the
open valves when
the atria are empty?
Stages of a heartbeat
Stage 2 (continued):
The valves between
the atria and the
ventricles close.
This prevents any
backflow.
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Do not need
to remember
Blood pressure
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Do not need
to remember
Blood pressure
Blood pressure depends on the speed of the blood coming
into a vessel and the width of the vessel itself.
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Do not need
to remember
Blood pressure
An individuals blood pressure is affected by a number of
factors.
Age it increases as you get older.
Gender men tend to have higher blood
pressure than women.
Stress can cause increased blood pressure.
Diet salt and saturated fats can increase
blood pressure.
Exercise the fitter you are the lower your
blood pressure is likely to be.
Having high blood pressure puts stress on your heart.
It can lead to angina, heart attacks and strokes.
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Effects of exercise on blood pressure
The immediate effect of exercise is to raise the blood
pressure as the heart beats faster and more powerfully.
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Blood flow and body temperature
The circulatory system plays an important role in
regulating body temperature.
Capillaries
Sweat
gland
If the body gets too hot, capillaries near the surface of the
skin widen. Blood is diverted to the skin where the heat can
easily radiate away. This is called vasodilation.
Water from the blood is excreted as sweat to cool the body.
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Blood flow and body temperature
Capillaries
Sweat
gland
If the body gets too cold, capillaries near the surface of the
skin get narrower. Blood is diverted away from the skin to
limit heat loss. This is called vasoconstriction.
Sweating stops.
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Role of blood in achieving sports potential
Because red blood cells carry oxygen, which is vital to
muscle action, it is advantageous for a performer to have a
high red blood cell count, especially in endurance events.
EMPICS Ltd
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Do not need
to remember
Blood doping
An athletes red blood cell count can be
illegally boosted through blood doping.
Several months before a competition,
blood is removed from a performer.
Their body produces more blood to replace
the blood that has been removed.
The red blood cells are separated out
from the removed blood and stored. Just before the
competition, they are re-injected into the competitor, giving
them an artificially high red blood cell count.
Blood doping can improve performance by 20%, however,
the extra blood can lead to dangerous blood clots and all
the heart problems associated with high blood pressure.
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Exam-style questions
1. During exercise, extra demands are placed on the
circulatory system.
a) Describe what happens to heart rate, stroke volume
and cardiac output during intensive physical activity.
b) Describe how the circulatory system helps to
regulate body temperature during exercise.
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Quiz
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Can you remember all these keywords?
Aorta Veins Stroke volume
Vena cava Capillaries Cardiac output
Pulmonary Lumen Blood pressure
artery Atria Vasodilation
Pulmonary vein Ventricles Vasoconstriction
Pulmonary Septum Red blood cells
circulation
Tricuspid valve White cells
Systemic
Bicuspid (mitral) Platelets
circulation
valve Plasma
Oxygenated
Semi-lunar Blood doping
Deoxygenated valve
Arteries Heart rate
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