Fluid Properties

and Units
November 9, 2017

School of Civil and

Monroe L. Weber-Shirk Environmental Engineering
 Dimensions and Units

The dimensions have to be the same for each

term in an equation
Dimensions of mechanics are
length L
time T
mass M
force F ma MLT-2
temperature
 Dimensions and Units
Quantity Symbol Dimensions
Velocity V LT-1
Acceleration a LT-2
Area A L2
Volume L3
Discharge Q L3T-1
Pressure p ML-1T-2 Show
this!
Gravity g LT-2
Temperature T
Mass concentration C ML-3
 Dimensions and Units

Quantity Symbol Dimensions

Density r ML-3
Specific Weight g ML-2T-2 g = r g
Dynamic viscosity m ML-1T-1
m
Kinematic viscosity L2T-1 n = r
Surface tension MT-2
Bulk mod of elasticity E ML-1T-2
fluid properties!
These are _______
4
How many independent properties? _____
 Definition of a Fluid

a fluid, such as water or air, deforms

continuously when acted on by shearing
stresses of any magnitude.
- Young, Munson, Okiishi

Why isnt steel a fluid?

 Fluid Deformation between
Parallel Plates
F U
t

mAU
Side view F=
t
Force F causes the top plate to have velocity U.
What other parameters control how much force
is required to get a desired velocity?
If this parameter Distance between plates (t)
increases, what Area of plates (A)
does F do?
Viscosity! (m)
 Shear Stress
AU Ft N s
F m m dimension of m 2
t AU

F N
Tangential force per unit area m 2
A

m
U U 1
Rate of angular deformation
t t s
du du
m change in velocity with respect to distance
dy dy
rate of shear
Our general equation relating shear and viscosity
 Fluid Viscosity

Examples of highly viscous fluids

______________________________
molasses, tar, 20w-50 oil, glycerin
Fundamental mechanisms
Gases - transfer of molecular momentum
Viscosity __________
increases as temperature increases.
Viscosity __________
increases as pressure increases.
Liquids - cohesion
_______ and momentum transfer
Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.
Relatively independent of pressure (incompressible)
 Example: Measure the viscosity
of water
Outer
The inner cylinder is 10 cylinder
cm in diameter and rotates Inner
at 10 rpm. The fluid layer cylinder
is 2 mm thick and 20 cm
high. The power required
to turn the inner cylinder Thin layer of water
is 100x10-6 watts. What is
the dynamic viscosity of
the fluid? du
F m
AU
m
dy t
 Solution Scheme

Restate the goal

Identify the given parameters and represent the
parameters using symbols
Outline your solution including the equations
describing the physical constraints and any
simplifying assumptions
Solve for the unknown symbolically
Substitute numerical values with units and do the
arithmetic
Check your units!
Check the reasonableness of your answer
 Viscosity Measurement: Solution

AU Outer
F m U r A 2rh cylinder
t
r = 5 cm Inner
2r 2 h t = 2 mm cylinder
F m
t h = 20 cm
P = 100 x 10-6 W
P Fr 10 rpm Thin layer of water
10rev 2 rad min
2 2 r 3h m
Pt 1.047rad / s
Pm
t 2 2 r 3h min rev 60s

(100x10-6 W) (0.002 m)
m= = 1.16x10 -3
N s/m 2

2p (1.047/s)2 (0.05 m)3 (0.2 m)

 Role of Viscosity

Statics
Fluids at rest have no relative motion between
layers of fluid and thus du/dy = 0
Therefore the shear stress is _____
zero and is
independent of the fluid viscosity
Dynamics
Fluid viscosity is very important when the fluid
is moving
 Dynamic and Kinematic
Viscosity
nu
Kinematic viscosity (__) is a fluid property
obtained by dividing the dynamic viscosity
m by the fluid density
(__)
N s kg m
m [ ] 2
N =
m
m s
2
r

kg
m s
[m2/s]
kg
m 3 rvD vD
Re
m
Connection to Reynolds number!
 Density and Specific Weight

Density (kg/m3)
1000
Density (mass/unit 990
980
volume) r ___________
Specific mass 970
960
density of water:1000 kg/m3 950

density of air at 0 50
Temperature (C)
100

atmospheric pressure and 1000

Density (kg/m3)
15 C: 1.22 kg/m3 999

Specific Weight of water 998

(weight per unit volume) g 997

g = rg = 9806 N/m3
0 10 20
__________________
Temperature (C)
 Perfect Gas Law

Note deviation from the text!

PV = nRT
N m
R is the universal gas constant R 8.314
mol K
T is in Kelvin
R
Rtext Mgas is molecular mass
M gas
Mgas for air is 0.029 kg/mole
Why is this Mgas for air reasonable?
N2 28 g/mol, O2 32 g/mol
_______________________________
 Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
dp dp
Ev Ev
Relates the change in dV / V dr / r
volume to a change in Ev dp

r dr
pressure 2.35

Bulk Modulus of elasticity (GPa)

2.30
changes in density at 2.25
high pressure 2.20

pressure waves 2.15

2.10 Water
sound
_________ 2.05

water __________
______ hammer 2.00
0 20 40 60 80 100

dV dp Temperature (C)
How much does water compress?
V Ev
 Compression and Expansion of
Gases: What is Ev?
Isothermal (constant
temperature)
RT dp dp
pV p
constant constant = Ev Ev = p
n 1 r dr dr / r

r
Isentropic (no heat
exchanged)
p cp
k
=C where k (specific heat ratio)
r cv
dp dp p dp p
= Ck r k-1
= k kr k-1
=k Ev kp
dr dr r dr r
 Speed of Sound (c)

dp dp dp Ev dp
c and E . Solve for
dr
v
dr / r dr r dr

Ev
c c is large for difficult to compress fluids
r
For gasses, if no heat exchanged (isentropic) then we have
Ev kp
kRT
It can be shown that (homework) c
M gas
V
Connection to Mach number! Ma =
c
 Vapor Pressure
8000
7000

Vapor pressure (Pa)

6000
5000
water
4000
3000
liquid 2000
1000
0
0 10 20 30 40
Temperature (C)
What is vapor pressure of water at 100C? 101 kPa
Cavitation! When absolute pressure returns to exceed vapor pressure
 Surface Tension

Surface tension (N/m)

Pressure 0.080
0.075
increase in a 0.070
spherical droplet 0.065
0.060
Fp= DpR2 0.055
0.050
F= 2R 0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
2 Surface molecules
DpR2 = 2R Dp
R
 Example: Surface Tension

Estimate the difference in pressure (in Pa)

between the inside and outside of a bubble
of air in 20C water. The air bubble is 0.3
mm in diameter. = 0.073 N/m
2s 2 (0.073N / m)
Dp =
R Dp = -3 R = 0.15 x 10 m
-3
0.15 x10 m

Dp = 970 Pa

What is the difference between pressure in a

water droplet and pressure in an air bubble?
 Review: Fluid Properties
du
Viscosity m
dy
Density and Specific Weight
Ev
Elasticity Ev
dp
c
dV / V r
Vapor Pressure
2
Surface Tension Dp
R