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SUTRIYO
POKOK BAHASAN
1. WUJUD ZAT
2. KESETIMBANGAN FASA
3. MIKROMERITIK
4. TERMODINAMIKA
5. FENOMENA ANTAR MUKA
6. DISPERSI KOLOID
STATES OF MATTER
What is
matter
All matter is
composed of small SOLID
particles (atoms,
molecules, or ions)
GAS LIQUID
State of matter based upon
1. particle arrangement
2. energy of particles
3. distance between
particles.
Kinetic Theory of Matter
Matter is made up of particles which
are in continual random motion.
STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS
a. Particles of solids are
tightly packed,
vibrating about a fixed
position.
Will everything
just be a gas?
STATES OF MATTER
PLASMA
a. A plasma is an ionized
gas.
b. A plasma is a very
good conductor of
electricity and is
affected by magnetic
fields.
c. Plasmas, like gases
have an indefinite
shape and an
indefinite volume.
STATES OF MATTER
STATES OF MATTER
Tightly packed, in a Close together with Well separated with Has no definite
regular pattern no regular no regular volume or shape
Vibrate, but do not arrangement. arrangement. and is composed of
move from place to Vibrate, move Vibrate and move electrical charged
place about, and slide freely at high particles
past each other speeds
Some places where plasmas are
found
1. Flames
2. Lightning
3. Aurora (Northern
Lights)
The Sun is an example of a star in
its plasma state
PHASE CHANGES
Description of Term for Phase Heat Movement During
Phase Change Change Phase Change
Vaporization,
Liquid to which includes Heat goes into the
gas boiling and liquid as it vaporizes.
evaporation
Heat leaves the gas
Gas to liquid Condensation
as it condenses.
Heat goes into the
Solid to gas Sublimation
solid as it sublimates.
PHASE CHANGES
PHASE CHANGES
1. Melting : Solids by heat pass into a liquid form
2. Evaporation : liquids pass into a gaseous state
by further heating.
3. Condensation: Is the reverse process of
evaporation.
4. Sublimation : Solids with high vapor pressure
such as iodine and camphor can pass directly
from solid to gaseous state.
Binding forces between molecules
a. In order for molecules to exist in aggregates in gases, liquids,
and solids, intermolecular forces must exist.
b. When molecules interact, both repulsive and attractive
forces operate.
c. When two molecules are closed together, opposite charges
in the two molecules, cause the molecules to attract one
another.
d. Thus attractive forces are necessary in order that molecules
cohere.
e. When the molecules are brought so close that the outer
charge clouds touch, the molecules repel each other.
f. repulsive forces are necessary in order that molecules do
not interpenetrate one another.
Intermolecular and Intramolecular forces
Intermolecular forces are forces between
molecules
Inter' means between, so these are the forces
between molecules.
Intramolecular forces act within molecules, which
are the strong forces that keep a molecule together.
Intra' means inside, so these are the inside forces in
a molecule.
Intermolecular forces are weaker than
intramolecular forces.
Intermolecular forces
Attractive force
Repulsive forc
Attractive force
Van der Waals force (bond):
Dipole-dipole forces
Ion-Dipole and Ion-Induced
Dipole Forces
Hydrogen Bonds
Dipole-dipole forces
a. A dipole is a molecule that has both positive
and negative regions.
b. A dipole-dipole interaction is the attraction
between two polar molecules.
c. Negative pole of one molecule points toward
the positive pole of the next.
d. Thus, large groups of the molecules may be
associated through weak attractions.
Dipole-dipole forces
Ion-Dipole and Ion-Induced Dipole
Forces
a. They occur between polar or non-polar
molecules and ion.
b. These types of interactions account in part
for the solubility of ionic crystalline
substances in water, the cation for example
attracting the relatively negative oxygen
atom of water and the anion attracting the
hydrogen atoms of the dipolar water
molecules.
Ion-Dipole and Ion-Induced Dipole Forces
Hydrogen Bonds
a. is an attraction between a positive hydrogen
on one molecule and negative atom on
another molecule. such as fluorine, oxygen,
or nitrogen.
Those regions containing two phases (ii, iii, and iv) are
comparable to the two-phase region of the phenol-
water system.
F=2-2+1=1
System is represented by point X (60% by weight of
thymol in salol) temperature (50 o C)
F = 3 - 1 + 42 = 4 P condensed
C1 C2
For non-condensed system. The four
degrees of freedom are
temperature, pressure & the
concentration of 2 of the 3
components.
Addition of alcohol
(solvent effect)
phase system- 1
Mixture = 60% B, 20%
.A, 20% C
1. Each of the three corners or apexes of
the triangle represent 100% by weight
of one component A, B, or C). As a
result, that same apex will represent
0% of the other two components. For
example, the top corner point in Figure
2-18 represents 100% of B
2. The three lines joining the corner points represent two-
component mixtures of the three possible combinations
ofA, B, and C. Thus the lines AB, BC, and CA are used
for two-component mixtures of A and B, B and C, and C
and A, respectively. By dividing each line into 100equal
units, the location of a point along the line can be directly
related to the percent concentration of one component in
a. two-component system. For example, point y, midway
between A and B on the line AB, represents a system
containing 50% of B (and hence 50% of A also). Point z,
three quarters of the way along BC, signifies a system
containing 75% of C in b
Alcohol
water benzene
A, B & C represent water, alcohol & benzene,
respectively.
AC binary mixture of A and C.
a & c are the limits of solubility of C in A and A
System (g) after reaching equilibrium, will separate into two
phases, (f ) and ( i).
weight of phase f /weight of phase I = gi / fg.
Mixture h, mid point of the tie line, will contain equal weights of
the two phases at equilibrium.
The remainder of the triangle contains
one liquid
phase.
The directions of the tie lines are related
to the shape
of binodal, (depends on the relative
solubility of 3rd
component (alcohol) in the other 2
components).
when the added component acts equally
on the other
two components to bring them into
solution
binodal be symmetric & the tie
lines are parallel
to the base line.
:Effect of Temperature
phases 2
phases 3 X
Y A, B, C
Z
Arrangement of three phases:
It depends on the composition of the phases
At point D , F = 0 ??????
:DSC is used most widely in pharmacy
, to establish : identity and purity
to obtain heat capacities and heats of
, fusion
for preparing phase diagrams to study
the polymorphs