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CHAPTER 2.0
STRESS IN SOIL
INTRODUCTION
The deformations of soils are similar to the deformations of structural
framework such as a truss.
The truss deforms from changes in loads carried by each member. The
same is true for soils.
The principle of effective stress was first recognized by Terzaghi (1883
1963) in the mid-1920s during his research into soil consolidation.
The principle of effective stress is the most important principle in soil
mechanics. Deformations of soils are a function of effective stresses, not
total stresses.
The principle of effective stresses applies only to normal stresses and not to
shear stresses.
Soils cannot sustain tension. Consequently, the effective stress cannot be
less than zero.
Porewater pressures can be positive or negative. The latter are sometimes
called suction or suction pressure.
INTRODUCTION
EFFECTIVE STRESSES @ INTER-GRAIN STRESSES: CONT
EFFECTIVE STRESSES @ INTER-GRAIN STRESSES: CONT
EFFECTIVE STRESSES @ INTER-GRAIN STRESSES: CONT
STRESS IN SOIL
Introduction
STRESS IN SOIL
Introduction
Soils are stable under the existing effective overburden stresses.
However, when additional loads are placed on the ground surface, such as by footings,
traffic loads, etc., those additional loads increase the stresses in the soil mass.
These extra stresses are major sources of the settlement of soils.
In this sub-chapter, equations for the vertical stress increments in soil mass due to
various types of load on the ground surface are discussed. They will be used in
settlement computation
STRESS IN SOIL
Stresses Caused By A Point Load
Boussinesq(1883) suggested that for normal stresses at a point caused by the point load P as
shown in below figure is:
Rewritten an equation:
Exercise
Vertical Horizontal
@
STRESS IN SOIL
Stresses Caused By A Line Load
Exercise
Exercise
STRESS IN SOIL
Stresses Caused By A Strip Load
STRESS IN SOIL
Stresses Caused By A Strip Load
Exercise
STRESS IN SOIL
Stresses Due To Embankment Loading
Exercise
Stresses Caused By Uniformly Loaded Circular area
Exercise
c) It was observed that the culvert line is at point A (8m under the center of the
2
ring) and can sustain maximum of 150 kN/m vertical stress. Analyze the stress
that subjected to the culvert before and after the construction of this silo.
STRESS IN SOIL
Stresses Caused By Rectangular Loaded Area
At any point
Exercise
STRESS IN SOIL
Stresses Caused By Rectangular Loaded Area
At center
STRESS IN SOIL
STRESS IN SOIL
Influence Chart (Newmark Chart)
Newmark constructed an influence chart, based on the Boussinesq solution, enabling the vertical stress
to be determined at any point below an area of any shape carrying a uniform pressure q.
STRESS IN SOIL
Influence Chart (Newmark Chart)
Influence Chart (Newmark Chart)
Exercise
LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
Ratio between the lateral & Ratio between the lateral & Ratio between the lateral &
vertical principle effective vertical principle effective vertical principle effective
stresses when an earth stresses when an earth stresses when an earth
retaining structure remains retaining structure moves retaining structure is forced
rigid and no movement away from the retained soil against to soil mass
LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
Lateral Earth Pressure At Rest
Coefficient of earth * For coarse-grained soils (Jaky 1944) good result for
loose sand
pressure at rest
Ko increasing on Sherif & Fang equation is due to consolidation, so Mayne & Kulhawy (1982) recommended a modification to
Jaky equation to;
At Rest
Horizontal principle
stress increase
Mohr circle- for cohesionless soil (c=0)
Generalized Case For Active & Passive - For frictionless wall, inclined backfill
Rankine Theory
Pa = active force
for unit length
Pp = Passive force
for unit length
Special case: for = 0
Coulomb Theory
There is friction between the wall and soil and takes this
into account by using a soil-wall friction angle of . Note
that ranges from /2 to 2/3 and = 2/3 is commonly
used.
Lateral pressure is not limited to vertical walls
The resultant force is not necessarily parallel to the backfill
surface because of the soil-wall friction value.
Coulomb Theory
Active Passive
Coulomb Theory
Active
Passive
RANKINE, COULOMB & CULMANN THEORY
Culmann Theory
(graphic solution for coulombs active earth pressure )
At Rest
At Rest
Exercise
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
At Rest
Exercise
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
Cohesionless Soil With Horizontal Backfill
Active Passive
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
Partially Submerged Cohesionless Soil supporting Surcharge
Active Passive
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
Exercise
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
Exercise
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
Exercise
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
Partially Submerged Cohesionless Soil supporting Surcharge
Exercise
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
Partially Submerged Cohesionless Soil supporting Surcharge
Exercise
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
Partially Submerged Cohesionless Soil supporting Surcharge
Exercise
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
Partially Submerged Cohesionless Soil supporting Surcharge
Exercise
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
Cohesive Soil With Horizontal Backfill
Active
Drained Condition Undrained Condition
Passive
Drained Condition Undrained Condition
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
Cohesive Soil With Horizontal Backfill
Exercise
Cohesive Soil With Horizontal Backfill
Exercise
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
Cohesive Soil With Horizontal Backfill
Exercise
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
Cohesive Soil With Horizontal Backfill
Exercise Exercise
LATERAL PRESSURE ON EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE
Cohesive Soil With Horizontal Backfill
Exercise
To design retaining walls properly, an engineer must know the basic parameters;
the unit weight, angle of friction, and cohesion of the soil retained behind the wall
and the soil below the base slab.
Knowing the properties of the soil behind the wall enables the engineer to
determine the lateral pressure distribution that has to be designed for.
There are two phases in the design of a conventional retaining wall. First, with the
lateral earth pressure known, the structure as a whole is checked for stability. The
structure is examined for possible overturning, sliding, and bearing capacity
failures.
Second, each component of the structure is checked for strength, and the steel
reinforcement of each component is determined. This sub-chapter presents the
procedures for determining the stability of the retaining wall. Checks for strength
can be found in any textbook on reinforced concrete.
APPLICATION OF SOIL STRESS THEORY IN DESIGN
A similar type of analysis may be used for gravity walls, as shown in Figure 13.4b. However,
Coulombs active earth pressure theory also may be used, as shown in Figure 13.4c. If it is
used, the only forces to be considered are Pa (Coulomb) and the weight of the wall, Wc .
APPLICATION OF SOIL STRESS THEORY IN DESIGN
If Coulombs theory is used, it will be necessary to know the range of the wall friction angle,
with various types of backfill material. Following are some ranges of wall friction angle for
masonry or mass concrete walls:
In the case of ordinary retaining walls, water table problems and hence hydrostatic pressure are
not encountered. Facilities for drainage from the soils that are retained are always provided.
APPLICATION OF SOIL STRESS THEORY IN DESIGN
13.13
13.14
13.15
13.19
13.20
THE END