Physics 111: Mechanics

Lecture 6

Dale Gary
NJIT Physics Department
 Energy
Energy and Mechanical Energy
Work
Kinetic Energy
Work and Kinetic Energy
The Scalar Product of Two Vectors

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 Why Energy?
Why do we need a concept of energy?
The energy approach to describing motion is
particularly useful when Newtons Laws are
difficult or impossible to use
Energy is a scalar quantity. It does not have a
direction associated with it

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 What is Energy?
Energy is a property of the state of a system,
not a property of individual objects: we have to
broaden our view.
Some forms of energy:
Mechanical:
Kinetic energy (associated with motion, within system)
Potential energy (associated with position, within system)
Chemical
Electromagnetic
Nuclear
Energy is conserved. It can be transferred from
one object to another or change in form, but
cannot be created or destroyed
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 Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy is energy associated with the
state of motion of an object
For an object moving with a speed of v

1 2
KE mv
2
SI unit: joule (J)
1 joule = 1 J = 1 kg m2/s2

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 1 2
Why KE mv ?
2

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 Work W
1 2 1
mv mv0 Fx x
2
Start with
2 2 Work W

Work provides a link between force and energy

Work done on an object is transferred to/from it
If W > 0, energy added: transferred to the
object
If W < 0, energy taken away: transferred from
the object

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 Definition of Work W
The work, W, done by a constant force on an
object is defined as the product of the component
of the force along the direction of displacement
and the magnitude of the displacement

W ( F cos q )x
F is the magnitude of the force
x is the magnitude of the
objects displacement
q is the angle between F and x
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 Work Unit
This gives no information about
the time it took for the displacement to occur
the velocity or acceleration of the object
Work is a scalar quantity
SI Unit
1 2 1
mv mv0 ( F cos q )x
2

2 2
Newton meter = Joule
Nm=J
J = kg m2 / s2 = ( kg m / s2 ) m

W ( F cos q )x
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 Work: + or -?
Work can be positive, negative, or zero. The
sign of the work depends on the direction of
the force relative to the displacement

W ( F cos q )x
Work positive: W > 0 if 90> q > 0
Work negative: W < 0 if 180> q > 90
Work zero: W = 0 if q = 90
Work maximum if q = 0
Work minimum if q = 180
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 Example: When Work is Zero
A man carries a bucket of water
horizontally at constant velocity.
The force does no work on the
bucket
Displacement is horizontal
Force is vertical
cos 90 = 0

W ( F cos q )x
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 Example: Work Can Be
Positive or Negative
Work is positive when lifting
the box
Work would be negative if
lowering the box
The force would still be upward,
but the displacement would be
downward

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Work Done by a Constant Force
The work W done on a system by
an agent exerting a constant force F

on the system is the product of
F r
the magnitude F of the force, the
magnitude r of the displacement r
of the point of application of the I II
force, and cos, where is the
angle between the force and WI 0 WII Fr
displacement vectors:

F
W F r Fr cosq F

r r
III IV
WIII Fr WIV Fr cos q

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 Work and Force
An Eskimo pulls a sled as shown. The total mass
of the sled is 50.0 kg, and he exerts a force of
1.20 102 N on the sled by pulling on the rope.
How much work does he do on the sled if =
30and he pulls the sled 5.0 m ?

W ( F cos q )x
(1.20 10 2 N )(cos 30 )(5.0m)
5.2 10 2 J

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 Work Done by Multiple Forces
If more than one force acts on an object, then
the total work is equal to the algebraic sum of
the work done by the individual forces

Wnet Wby individual forces

Remember work is a scalar, so
this is the algebraic sum

Wnet Wg WN WF ( F cos q )r

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 Work and Multiple Forces
Suppose k = 0.200, How much work done on
the sled by friction, and the net work if = 30
and he pulls the sled 5.0 m ?
Fnet , y N mg F sin q 0
N mg F sin q

W fric ( f k cos180 )x f k x
k Nx k (mg F sin q )x
(0.200)(50.0kg 9.8m / s 2 Wnet WF W fric WN Wg
1.2 10 2 N sin 30 )(5.0m) 5.2 102 J 4.3 102 J 0 0
4.3 10 2 J 90.0 J
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 Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy associated with the motion of
an object 1 2
KE mv
2
Scalar quantity with the same unit as work
Work is related to kinetic energy

1 2 1
mv mv0 Fnet x
2

2 2

Wnet KEf KEi KE

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November 12, 2017
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
When work is done by a net force on an object
and the only change in the object is its speed,
the work done is equal to the change in the
objects kinetic energy
Speed will increase if work is positive
Speed will decrease if work is negative

Wnet KEf KEi KE

1 2 1
mv mv0
2
Wnet
2 2
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 Work and Kinetic Energy
The driver of a 1.00103 kg car traveling on the interstate
at 35.0 m/s slam on his brakes to avoid hitting a second
vehicle in front of him, which had come to rest because of
congestion ahead. After the breaks are applied, a constant
friction force of 8.00103 N acts on the car. Ignore air
resistance. (a) At what minimum distance should the brakes
be applied to avoid a collision with the other vehicle? (b) If
the distance between the vehicles is initially only 30.0 m, at
what speed would the collisions occur?

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 Work and Kinetic Energy
(a) We know v0 35.0m / s, v 0, m 1.00 10 kg, f k 8.00 10 N
3 3

Find the minimum necessary stopping distance

1 2 1 2
Wnet W fric Wg WN W fric mv f mvi
2 2
1 2
f k x 0 mv0
2
1
(8.00 10 N )x (1.00 103 kg)(35.0m / s) 2
3

2
x 76.6m

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 Work and Kinetic Energy
(b) We know x 30.0m, v0 35.0m / s, m 1.00 103 kg, f k 8.00 103 N
Find the speed at impact.
Write down the work-energy theorem:
1 1
Wnet W fric f k x mv2f mvi2
2 2
2
v 2f v02 f k x
m
2
v 2f (35m / s) 2 ( )(8.00 10 3
N )( 30 m) 745m 2
/ s 2

1.00 103 kg

v f 27.3m / s

v0 35.0m / s, v 0, m 1.00 103 kg, f k 8.00 103 N

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 Work Done By a Spring
Spring force
Fx kx

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 Spring at Equilibrium
F =0

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Spring Compressed

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 xf

lim Fx x Fx dx
xf

x 0 xi
xi

xf xf
W Fx dx kx dx
xi xi
0
kx dx 12 kx 2
xmax

xf
W kx dx 12 kxi2 12 kx 2f
xi

Work done by
spring on block

Fig. 7.9, p. 173

 Measuring Spring Constant
Start with spring at its
natural equilibrium length.
Hang a mass on spring and
let it hang to distance d
(stationary)
From Fx kx mg 0
mg
k
d
so can get spring constant.
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Scalar (Dot) Product of 2 Vectors
The scalar product of
two vectors is written
as A B
It is also called the dot
product
A B A B cos q
q is the angle
between A and B
Applied to work, this
means W F r cosq F r
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 Dot Product
The dot product says
something about how parallel
two vectors are.
The dot product (scalar
product) of two vectors can be
thought of as the projection of
one onto the direction of the
other. B

A B AB cos q
( A cos q ) B
A i A cos q Ax q

A
Components A( B cos q )

A B Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz

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Projection of a Vector: Dot Product
The dot product says
something about how parallel i j 0; i k 0; j k 0
two vectors are.
The dot product (scalar
i i 1; j j 1; k k 1
product) of two vectors can be
thought of as the projection of
one onto the direction of the
other. B Projection is zero

A B AB cos q

A i A cos q Ax
Components p/2

A B Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz A

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 Derivation

How do we show that B Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz ?
A

Start with A A i A j A k
x y z

B Bxi By j Bz k

Then A B ( A i A j A k) ( B i B j B k)
x y z x y z

Axi ( Bxi By j Bz k) Ay j ( Bxi By j Bz k) Az k ( Bxi By j Bz k)

But i j 0; i k 0; j k 0
i i 1; j j 1; k k 1

So A B Axi Bxi Ay j By j Az k Bz k
Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz

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 Scalar Product

The vectors A 2i 3 j and B i 2 j

Determine the scalar product A B ?

A B Ax Bx Ay By 2 (-1) 3 2 -2 6 4
Find the angle between these two vectors

A Ax2 Ay2 2 2 32 13 B Bx2 B y2 (1) 2 2 2 5

A B 4 4
cos q
AB 13 5 65
4
q cos 1 60.3
65
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