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Design of Deep
Pile Foundations
Widodo, Prof, Ir, MSCE, PhD
Department of Civil Engineering and Disaster Management
Earthquake Engineering Management Master Program
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning
Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta
Shear Reinforcement According to SNI 2000
According SNI 2000, the cross section area of the shear reinforcement
(stirrup) Ash should not less the following equation
f 'c Ag
Ash 0,3. s.hc . 1 9.10)
f yh Ach
or
f 'c
Ash
0,09. s. hc . 9.11)
f yh
hc =71
ht = 80 b = 72 Ag = ht.ht
5d25
Ach = a.b
a = 72
As . f y .h
s
Vs
This method differs from the previous one. According to SK SNI 1991, the
column shear reinforcement is determined based on the flexural moments
acting on the column. Mean while, SNI 2000, the shear reinforcement is
designed according to volumetric ratio of the shear reinforcement.
Numerical Example : Mu,b = 120 tm, Pu = 780 t (Mn = 150 tm, Pn = 1200 t)
hc =71
Beam 35/75 cm,
Mu,ka=80 tm therefore hk = 3,25m
4,00m
16D25 Pu = 780 t
ht = 80 b = 72
= 1,33 %
Mu,kb=120 tm, Mn,kb = 150 tm
80 0.7.(1,25).150
a = 72 Vuk 65 t
3,25
Ag = ht.ht
Vuk 65
100 t
Ach = a.b 0,65
Shear reinforcement P13 is used with fyh = 390 Mpa = 3978 kg/cm2. For 1-
section, Av = 1,326 cm2. Supposing 3-legs are used then Av = 3,9799 cm2.
Av . f y .h 3,9799.(3978).73,5
s 11,67 cm2
Vs 100000
Shear reinforcement 3-leg D13 with s = 7,5 cm will be used Asp = 3,979
cm2 > Ash = 3,072 cm2), Therefore :
According to SNI 1991 : 3 leg, D13, s = 10 cm is required
According to SNI 2002 : 4 leg, D13, s = 10 cm is required
According to SNI 2002 : 3 leg, D13, s = 7,5 cm is required
1. Introduction
Foundation is a part of the structure who transmits the structural gravity and
temporary load to the supported soil. There are two important requirements
of the foundation i.e the strength of the structural foundation and geometry of
the foundation such that it able to transmit the all loads to the supporting soil
safely. The strength of the foundation is merely structural aspect where a
routine design process has been clearly provided/discussed. On the other
hand, the geometry of the foundation is affected by the strength and proper-
ties of the soil at the foundation level (for shallow foundation) or the soil
supporting system (for the deep foundation). The former is more emphasized
in the structural engineering problem while the latter is more discussed in the
geotechnical engineering problem.
With respect to the above fact, it is essential between structural and geo-
technical engineers to work in a team in solving the problems. This joint
cooperation is more required especially in the deep and complex foundation
problem
2. Types of Foundation
Types of used foundation is commonly determined by the combination
between :
a. The allowable bearing capacity of the soil,
b. The depth of the allowable bearing capacity
c. The loads applied on the foundation
However, in general, the types of foundation can be categorized accor-
ding to the following items.
2.1 Shallow Foundation
The shallow foundation is used when the soil base is relatively stiff/dense
in which due to the applied load the depth of the foundation level D is ap-
proximately not more the size of the foundation B or D/B 1. In the sha-
llow foundation, the applied loads is directly supported by the allowable
bearing capacity of soil layer.
2.2 Deep Foundation
The deep foundation is used in the following conditions (Das, 1990) :
1. When the nearly surface soil layers is highly compressible and
accordingly causes very large foundation settlement,
2. When the allowable soil bearing capacity is to weak to support the
applied loads,
3. When the uplifting forces of foundation is required such us in the
tower foundation
4. When the erosion of the soil due to the water flows is possible which
causes the instability of the direct foundation.
Pile foundation is the most common types of the deep foundation. According
to the installation methods, there are two types of deep foundation i.e :
1. Driven pile foundation
2. Bored pile foundation
According to the material used, there are three types of deep foundation i.e :
1. Steel pile foundation
2. Concrete pile foundation
3. Timber pile foundation
According to the load transfer method, there are three types of deep
foundation i.e :
1. Point Bearing Pile
2. Friction/Adhesion
3. Combinations between of them
Types of shallow foundation
3. Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soil
3.a. Individual Shallow Foundation
Ultimate bearing capacity of soil at any layer can be computed by :
1. According to Laboratory Test data
It is common to determine the soil bearing capacity through the data
from laboratory test. The soil properties data such as angle of internal
friction (), void ratio (e), soil cohesion (c), index plasticity of soil (PI)
as well as unit weight of soil (). The modified Terzaghis formula is
usually used in determining the ultimate soil bearing capacity qu,
100
N q tan 2 45 .e . tan 11.2a)
2
10
N c ( N q 1). cot 11.2b)
1 N gm 2 .N q 1. tan 11.2c)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Angle of internal friction
2. According to Field Test
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) or Cone Penetration Test (CPT) are
commonly used in the field test. When SPT is used (for sandy soil), then
the ultimate bearing capacity of soil can be determined qu an empirical
formula,
qu k.N 11.3)
In engineering practice, if the weight of the soil above the layer under con-
sideration is considered then the net allowable bearing capacity will be,
qu q
qall 11.6)
SF
Das (1990) said that the value of Safety Factor varies depending upon
the level of safety considered. For example , for minimum Factor of
Safety FS 1,4 1,60.
Winterkorn and Fang (1975) stated that Factor of Safety will be affected
by types of structures and the completeness of the soil exploration. For
the building structure if the soil exploration was thoroughly complete the
FS 2,0 can be taken. However for limited soil exploration, the FS 3,0
is suggested.
L Qs Qu Q p Qs 11.7)
D
a. Point Bearing Qp
Qp Das (1990) said that the point bearing capacity Qp
in EQ.11.5) can be determined by using the prin-
ciple of shallow foundation. After considering the
effect of shape and depth factor and replacing B by
D then the ultimate bearing stress at bearing point
will be,
q p qu c.N c q.N q .D.N 11.8)
q p qu c.N c q.N q 11.9)
The value of Nc* and Nq* depends on the value of angle internal friction
and the slenderness of the pile. Das(1990) presented graph of the Nc* and
Nq* as function of . The approximate value of Nc* and Nq*
The point bearing capacity of single pile Qp having cross section area of
Ap will be,
Q p 9.cu . Ap 11.11)
b. Skin Resistance Qs
Skin resistance can be generated either by friction between pile surface and
surrounding sand soils or cohesion between pile surface and surrounding
clay soils. There are several methods can be used in determining the skin
friction i.e 1) the method ; 2) the method and 3) the method.
Variation of Nq* and Nc* with
Qu It considered a piece of pile section with length of
L such as shown in the figure. If the pile diame-
ter is D, then the surface area under section
, cu,
considered dA will be,
L
dA ( .D).L p.L 11.12)
L
Qs
If the pile length consists of n finite of section, the
D total skin resistance Qs will be,
n
Qp Qs p.L . f
i 1
i 11.13)
In which f is the unit skin resistance of the pile. Several methods can be used
in determining the unit skin resistance such as mentioned before (the ,
and method)
b.1. Unit Skin Friction by Method (clay soil)
Das (1990) stated that the original con-
1
cept of unit skin resistance f in the
method can be simplified into the form
0.75
of,
f .cu
Coefficient alfa
11.14)
0.5
f . v ' 11.15)
In which,
K. tan R 11.16)
K (1 sin R ) 11.17)
Substituting Eq.11.17) and Eq.11.16) into Eq.11.15) then the unit skin
resistance of soil-pile foundation becomes,
The total skin friction of soil-pile foundation (single pile) can be computed
by substituting Eq. 11.17) to Eq.11.13.
-10
Pile embedment length (m)
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
Coefficient Lamdha
b.4 Unit Skin Friction (sand soil)
If the pile foundation is driven in the clay soil, the skin resistance is gene-
rated by the interaction between soil cohesion and the surface area
along the pile. On the other hand, if the pile is driven in the sand soil, the
skin resistance is generated by the friction between sand and surface
area along the pile.
Again Das (1990) presented the unit skin friction resistance f of pile in the
simple form such as,
14
3 piles 3.
E g 0,875
16
3
13
4.
E g 0,815
4 piles 16
4
13 11
4. 2.
6 piles Eg
16 16 0,77
6
13 11 8
4. 4. 1.
Eg 16 16 0,722
9 piles 16
9
13 11 8
4. 6. 2.
12 piles Eg
16 16 16 0,7
12
Efficiency of pile group foundation can also be computed by well known
formula proposed by Converse-Labarre equation such as,
D (n 1).m (m 1).n
1
E g 1 tan 11.23)
s 90.m.n
Numerical Example :
4.b Pile Group Axial Force
P M y .x M x .y
Vy 11.24)
y N n. xi 2
m. yi
2
Layer 4 d. Layer 4
Clay Skin Area (m2) 9.6
Depth (m) 6 Alfa 4 = 0.51
cu (kN/m2) 80 Qs1 = alpha .cu.Area 391.68
gm tnh(kN/m3) 19
Layer 5 e. Layer 5
Clay (stable layer), Sat.undrained Skin Area (m2) 3.2
Depth (m) 2 Alfa 5= 0.49
cu (kN/m2) 110 Qs1 = alpha .cu.Area 172.48
gm tnh(kN/m3) 19
Qst = (kN) 1337.28
Pile length (m) 19 Qu = Qp+Qs = (kN) 1495.68
Qall = Qu/FS = 498.56
According to the worksheet, the allowable bearing capacity of a single pile
Pall = 498,56 kN = 50,35 ton. Theoretically, the required number of pile is,
The first trial for pile configuration n x m = 3 x 4 = 12
P
piles is used, with pile distance s = 1,25 m. then the
55/75 My pile group efficiency Eg will be
and,
y
n x 2
2.
0,6252
1,8752
7,
8125 m 2
x
m Since Mx = 0, then according to Eq. 11.24)
1,25
5,25 m
371,67 2,175.(1,875)
V y ,max
12 3.(7,8125)
30,9725 0,174 31,1465 ton
371,67 2,175.(1,875)
V y ,min
12 3.(7,8125)
30,9725 0,174 30,7985 ton
In group pile, the allowable bearing capacity for a pile will be,
Pall, g 50,35.(0,7206) 36,28 ton 31,407 ton
39,2905 39,7155
39,5738 474,036 2,656.(1,875)
V yu ,max
y 12 3.(7,8125)
n 39,503 0,2125 39,7155 ton 108,856 t
x 474,036 2,656.(1,875)
V yu ,min
m 12 3.(7,8125)
1,25
5,25 m 39,503 0,2125 39,2905 ton 0 t
2. The ultimate pile vertical/axial force under EQ load
Pu= 426,478 t Pu 1,05.(301,59 70,08 34,5) 426,478 ton
426,478 111,693.(1,875)
V yu ,max
12 3.(7,8125)
35,539 8,9354 44,4744 ton 108,856 t
26,6036 44,4744
38,5745
426,478 111,693.(1,875)
y V yu ,max
12 3.(7,8125)
n 35,539 8,9354 26,6036 ton 0 t
x
m
1,25
5,25 m
3. The ultimate pile vertical/axial force in formation of
Pu= 427,842 t
column over strength level
M o 1,4.(143,514) 200,9196 tm
427,842 200,9196.(1,875)
V yu ,max
12 3.(7,8125)
19,5795 51,7265 35,653 16,0735 51,7265 ton 108,856 t
41,0108
y
427,842 200,9196.(1,875)
n
V yu ,min
12 3.(7,8125)
x 35,653 16,0735 19,5795 ton 0 t
m
1,25 Piles are satisfy under any load combinations
5,25 m
Pu= 426,478 t The ultimate moment of Pile Cap
The ultimate moment at the pile cap caused by
the pile axial force at the column face will be,
55/75 My,u
M u ,1 3.38,5745. 0,25 44,4744.1,50 229,0656 tm
0,25 1,25
Those moment will be resisted by 3,75 m wide of pile
cap or the ultimate moment for every 1 m wide is,
26,6036 44,4744
38,5745
19,5795 41,0108 51,7265 263,5273
30,2951 Mu 70,2740 tm
3,75
y
M 70,2740
Mn u 87,8424 tm
n 0,8
3,75 m
x
m
1,25
5,25 m
However, finding after earthquake indicated that the damage of the base
of column was not merely in the above of pile cap but rather than in the
level of floor level.
Design of pile cap reinforcement
c 0,75 / 0,55
s . h p 30.0,5675
max 2 2. fc 2. 27,5 28,82 Mpa 293,97 kg / cm 2
k 4,87
max 3 4. f c 4. 27,5 20,976 Mpa 213,957 kg / cm 2
21,0598 kg / cm 2 213,957 kg / cm 2
Ag
5. Tul. geser kolom
f'
Ash 0,3. s.hc . c
Ach
1
f yh
f 'c
Ash 0,09 . s. hc .
f yh
6. Beam Column Joint Vcol =.., Tsa= .., Cci = Tulangan geser kolom diteruskan ke
Vjh =.., Vch= .., Vsh =s = .. Beam Column Joint (BCJ)
Berdasar gaya-2 dalam
Kontrol Kestabilan Struktur
1. Kestabilan terhadap gaya geser-1
Kestabilan geser-1adalah kestabilan
akibat kemungkinan patah geser di
penjepitan lateral
Fi
Gaya geser
tingkat
Ac,j
Vn,j j=k
V V ..
j=1 j=2 . j=k
2
Kemungkinan patah geser di
letak penjepitan lateral j=1
k
V
j 1
nc, j
Maka struktur aman terha
Apabila g, f 2 fc '
k
dap kestabilan geser-1
A c, j
j 1 Vn,j = gaya geser nominal kolom ke j
2. Kestabilan terhadap gaya geser-2a (Fondasi dangkal)
Kestabilan terhadap gaya geser-2 adalah
kemungkinan bergesernya foot-plate
2 g, f
Af,j k
j=1 A f,j
V j 1
Pn,j
Kapasitas gesek antara foot-plate dengan
Sn,j tanah
k
S n, j g . Pn , j S
j 1
n, j
k .g k
g, f
..
2 k
V n, j
j=1 p,g
j 1
2 fc '
V k
n
m.n . A
j 1
p
Ap
..
1 m = jumlah kolom
1 .. m N = jumlah baris
Ap = luas potongan pile
4. Kestabilan terhadap momen guling
i =n Kestabilan akibat kemungkinan momen guling
adalah kestabilan yang ditimbulkan oleh momen-2
akibat gaya horisontal gempa ekuivalen statik dan
momen-2 akibat gaya aksial kolom
Fi
i =2
k n
Pc,j
i =1
P
j 1
c, j .L j F .h
i 1
i i
A
j=k . j=2 j=1
Lj
Frame-walled systems