NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

WHERE DID
ELEMENTS COME
FROM?
Our universe started with a BIG
BANG.
big bang n. (cosmology) the
cosmic explosion that is
hypothesized to have marked the
origin of the universe.
After the BIG BANG,
the universe started to
expand.
The first seconds after the
BIG BANG, it was very hot.
Then, the universe
started to cool down.
Right after the BIG BANG, the
p+, the n0 and the e- were
flying around without control.
When it started to cool down,
the quarks started making
primitive elements:
1
1
Hydrogen, 1 proton
1
2
Hydrogen, 1 proton, 1 neutron
2
3
Helium, 2 protons, 1 neuron
2
4
Helium, 2 protons, 2 neurons
Those elements started
forming stars.
Star n. a self-luminous gaseous
spherical celestial body of great mass
which produces energy by means of
nuclear fusion reactions .
In the stars, because of
high pressure, the
elements started
bonding and forming
heavier elements
HOW WILL WE END?
 W
We
E all started with the BIG BANG
a
l
l
s
t
a
r
 but how will we end?
Some scientists are sure that
the universe will continue to
expand forever.
 However, there is a theory
that our universe will end in
big crunch
 It states that someday the
universe will stop expanding
and crunch together.
There is no proof for that
theory.
 . .

.
.
. .
. ..
Classifying
.
.
Stars
. .
. .
. . . . .
.
. .
TO RECOGNISE STARS,
SCIENTISTS HAVE TO
CLASSIFY THEM
STARS ARE
CLASSIFIED
BY
TEMPERATURE
COLOR
 size

size

size
brightness
If the star is blue, it means it
is very hot . (50,000 C)
.. . . . ..
.. .
.. . . .. .... . .
. . ... ..
. .. . . . Cold stars are red. . ... .. .
. . .. . . ....... ..
... .. . . .. .
.. . .. . .
. ....... . ............. .
...... . . ..... ..
.. . . .. . .
.. .. . . ... . . .
. .. ........ ..
. . .. . . . . .. .
. . . .
. . ..
. ..... . . . .......
.
. . ... . . .. .
. . .
The bigger or
hotter the star is, the
brighter it is.
Brightness is measured in
2 ways:
apparent brightness
(brightness seen from earth)
absolute brightness (the real
brightness of the star)
Stars are mostly made out of
hydrogen.
Helium is about of the stars
composition.
Enjar Hertzsprung and Henry
Norris Russell made a diagram
that classifies stars.
The hertzsprung-russel diagram
color of
star size

stars
temperature
 Scientists measure
distance between
stars using parallax
Parallax n. apparent change in
apposition of an object when you
look at it from different places
Scientists watch the positions
of stars during different times
of the year to figure out its
position.
LIVES OF STARS
Stars do not
live forever.
The larger a
star is,
the shorter its life
is.
Stars are born in nebulas.
Nebula n. a large cloud of dust in
space
Gravity pulls dust together
so it forms a protostar
Protostar n. an early stage in the
evolution of a star, after the beginning of
the collapse of the gas cloud from which it
is formed, but before sufficient
contraction has occurred to permit
initiation of nuclear reactions at its core.
As the protostar gets denser
and denser, it forms a star
as the star becomes older, it

becomes a red giant

red giant = star uses up

its energy and becomes

cooler, so it expands
Layers of the red giant fall
off, releasing dust and gas
into space.
It is called a planetary
nebula.
The remaining
star is very
dense and
bright.
It is a white dwarf.
When a white
dwarf stops
glowing, it is
called a black
dwarf.
high-mass stars are different.
When they die, they
make a supernova a
giant explosion.
After the
supernova, the star
becomes either a
neutron star or a
black hole.
a neutron star: a
white dwarf that has
very high pressure
and temperature
 A black hole is a neutron star
with gravity so strong that
nothing, even light, can escape.
CAREERS
Nucleosynthesis is been
studied by physicists
and astronomers.
www.nasa.gov
http://www.dictionary.net/big+bang
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/star

http://www.wolaver.org/Space/abell39nebula.jpg
https://segue.atlas.uiuc.edu/uploads/ryemm2/heic0409a.jpg
http://www.janis.or.jp/users/kitahara/sww/rigel-z.jpg
http://www.dorlingkindersley-
uk.co.uk/static/clipart/uk/dk/sci_space/image_sci_space013.jpg

http://www.mauthelimited.com/Assignments/Dreamweaver/Science
_Class/Images/stars/whitedwarf_star.jpg
http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/bmendez/ay10/2000/cycle/redgiant.gif
http://www.agdesktop.com/wallpapers\space\nebula\nebula-0006.jpg
http://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/images/OpenBook_Stock_400.jpg
http://techlibrarian.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/horsehead-nebula2.jpg