Introduction to Networks and

Data Communication - Basics

Course Teacher:
Md. Obaidur Rahman, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE),
Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur.

Course Title: Wireless Networking and Mobile Computing

Course no.: CSE - 6303
What is Frequency?
Transmitting voice and data using electromagnetic waves in
open space (atmosphere) or in any medium.
Electromagnetic waves
Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)
Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (l)
c=fxl
Higher frequency means higher energy photons
The higher the energy photon the more penetrating is the radiation

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Radio Frequency (RF) / Freuqency

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Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum

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Period, Frequency and Amplitude
PERIOD: The required time period for an UP and Down cycle of a
signal.

FREQUENCY: The number of times a signal goes through a complete

UP and DOWN cycle in one second of time.

WAVE-LENGTH: The distance a radio wave travels in one cycle.

AMPLITUDE: The maximum voltage reached in one cycle of a signal.

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Types of electromagnetic carriers
When the distance between the sender and receiver
is short (e.g. TV box and a remote control) infrared
waves are used
For long range distances between sender and
receiver (e.g. TV broadcasting and cellular service)
both microwaves and radio waves are used
radio waves are ideal when large areas need to be covered
and obstacles exist in the transmission path
microwaves are good when large areas need to be covered
and no obstacles exist in the transmission path

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Frequency Carries/Channels
The information from sender to receiver is carrier
over a well defined frequency band.
This is called a channel
Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth (in
KHz) and Capacity (bit-rate)
Different frequency bands (channels) can be used to
transmit information in parallel and independently.

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Example
Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base frequency b for
communication between stations A and B
Assume each channel occupies 30KHz.
There are 3 channels
Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way)
For full duplex communication:
Use two different channels (front and reverse channels)
Use time division in a channel

Channel 1 (b - b+30)
Station A Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Station B

Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)

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Carrier Wave

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Modulation
Modulation = adding information (e.g. voice) to a
carrier electromagnetic (radio) signal

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Analog Modulation

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Analog Modulation

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Analog Modulation

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Digital Modulation

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Radio Frequency Interference and Signal
Attenuation (path loss)

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Spectrum and Bandwidth

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Data Rate and Bandwidth

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Thank You !!

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