PATHOGENESIS

&
HOST DEFENSE
HUMORAL NON SPESIFIK
 Inflammatory Mediators in Innate Immunity
Cytokines secreted by phagocytes in response to infection
include:
IL-1
activates vascular endothelium and lymphocytes
Increases adhesiveness of leukocytes
IL-6
Induces B-cell terminal maturation into Ig-producing plasma cells
IL-8
Induces expression of b2 integrin adhesion molecules on neutrophils,
leading to neutrophil migration to infection site
IL-12
Activates NK cells and induces Th1-cell differentiation
IL-18
TNF-a
Activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability,
leading to accumulation of Ig and complement in infected tissues
 Other Mediators and Molecules

Phagocytes

Complement component C5a

Stimulates mast cells to release histamine, serotonin and LTB4

IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-a

IL-1 and IL-18 signaling pathways activate NF-kB, important in

innate immunity
 Immune Cells and Innate Immunity (contd)
Mast cells
Located in serosa, under epithelial surfaces and adjacent to
blood vessels, nerves and glands
Capable of phagocytosis
Process and present antigen using MHC class I or II receptors
LPS can directly induce release of mast cell mediators
Complement (C3a and C5a) induce mast cells to release
mediators
Chemotaxis, complement activation, inflammation
TNF-a secreted by mast cells results in neutrophil influx
into infected site
Protective Role of Antibodies Against
Pathogens

Toxin neutralization
Opsonization/enhancement of
phagocytosis
Sensitization for killing by NK cells
Sensitization of mast cells
Activation of complement system
Toxin Neutralization
 Diseases
caused by
bacterial toxins
Preventing Bacterial
Adherence
Virus-blocking Antibodies
 Complement System
Three pathways now known
Classical
Alternative
Lectin or MBL pathway (binding to mannose-
containing carbohydrates)

C3
 Activation of the Complement Cascade

Cell Activation (anaphylatoxins)

Activate inflammatory cells
Induce smooth muscle contraction and blood
vessel permeability
Cytolysis ("membrane attack complexes)
Loss of cell membrane integrity
Opsonization
Complement receptors on phagocytic cells
Renders cells vulnerable to phagocytosis
 Fc
Receptors
 Opsonization and Immune Adherence

C3B (C4B)
Facilitates adherence of bacteria, viruses and neutrophils to
monocytes and macrophages
Facilitates ingestion of certain bacteria by neutrophils and
monocytes
Facilitates ingestion by activated macrophages
Augments mediated phagocytosis and IgG-mediated cell
cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Antibody
antibody may opsonize by itself, or bridge phagocyte and
target cell, enhancing complement immune adherence
Chemotaxis
capillary blood vessel
phagocyte
endothelium
basement Site of
membrane inflammation,
PAVEMENTING tissue damage
C5a and immune
DIAPEDESIS reactions

CHEMOTAXIS
Phagocytosis
Bactericidal Agents in Phagocytic Cells
Natural Killer Cells and Antibody-Dependent
Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
 APP/PFA
1. C- Reactive Protein
2. Lektin
3. Protein fase akut lain
a. 1-anti-tripsin
b. Haptoglobulin
c. C9
d. Fibrinogen
 ORGAN YANG BERPERAN
1. Organ Limpatik
- Primer
- Sekunder (SALT kulit, BALT brokus, GALT
sal.cerna, limpa, KGB)