MOTIVATION

MOTIVATIONAL CONCEPTS
MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES
MOTIVATION
internal state or condition that
activates behavior and gives it
direction;
desire or want that energizes and
directs goal-oriented behavior;
influence of needs and desires on the
intensity and direction of behavior
MOTIVATIONAL CONCEPTS

¤ Rewards and Reinforcement

¤ Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
¤ Self – control
Rewards – tangible or intangible, is
presented after the occurrence of an action
with the intent to cause the behavior to
occur again.

Reinforcement – intended to
create a measured increase in the
rate of a desirable behavior.
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
- Comes from rewards inherent to
a task or activity itself.
- Internal desires to perform a
particular task
EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
- Comes from the outside of the
performer and unrelated to
the task they are performing.
Self-control
- The self-control of motivation is
increasingly understood as a subset of
emotional intelligence.
MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES
The incentive theory of motivation
Drive-reduction theories
Need theories
Cognitive theories
Models of behavior change
Unconscious motivation
Intrinsic motivation and the 16 basic
desires theory
The Incentive Theory of Motivation
This is done by associating positive meaning to the
behavior.
 Drive - Reduction Theories
Drive theory is based on the principle that
organisms are born with certain physiological
needs and that a negative state of tension is
created when these needs are not satisfied.
 Need Theories
1. Need hierarchy theory (Abraham
Maslow)
2. Herzberg’s two-factor theory Motivators

Motivators - which give positive satisfaction,

Hygiene factors - are based on the need to for a
business to avoid unpleasantness at work.
The theory is sometimes called the "Motivator-Hygiene
Theory."
3. Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Existence – Psychological and Safety needs
Relatedness – Social and external esteem needs
Growth – Actualization and internal esteem
needs
Cognitive Theories
attempts to explain human behavior by
understanding the thought processes. The
assumption is that humans are logical beings that
make the choices that make the most sense to them.
“Information processing” is a commonly used
description of the mental process, comparing the
human mind to a computer.
MODELS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE
Social-cognitive models of behavior change
include the constructs of motivation and volition.
Motivation is seen as a process that leads to the
forming of behavioral intentions. Volition is seen as a
process that leads from intention to actual behavior.
In other words, motivation and volition refer to goal
setting and goal pursuit, respectively. Both processes
require self-regulatory efforts. Several self-regulatory
constructs are needed to operate in orchestration to
attain goals.
UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATION
Some psychologists believe that a significant
portion of human behavior is energized and directed
by unconscious motives. According to Maslow,
"Psychoanalysis has often demonstrated that the
relationship between a conscious desire and the
ultimate unconscious aim that underlies it need not
be at all direct" In other words, stated motives do not
always match those inferred by skilled observers.
Intrinsic motivation and the 16 basic desires the
ory
 Acceptance, the need for approval
 Curiosity, the need to think
 Eating, the need for food
 Family, the need to raise children
 Honor, the need to be loyal to the traditional values of one's clan/ethnic group
 Idealism, the need for social justice
 Independence, the need for individuality
 Order, the need for organized, stable, predictable environments
 Physical Activity, the need for exercise
 Power, the need for influence of will
 Romance, the need for sex
 Saving, the need to collect
 Social Contact, the need for friends (peer relationships)
 Status, the need for social standing/importance
 Tranquility, the need to be safe
 Vengeance, the need to strike back