SEARCH FOR THE graviton

Presented by:
S. S W Carey
11717878(G2702)
 Why care ?

Im in the business
thanks to CERN fellas!
Where are you
graviton
Still missing!!!

G
Coined by Dmitrii Ianovich Blokhintsev

Completing the Standard model And a Theory of everything

Any guesses?
 YES IT IS
Detection of gravitational waves
by LIGO
 Didnt I tell ya ~

Einstein expounded the existence of

gravitational waves through his very
famous general theory of relativity.

Boy O Boy isnt he everywhere and proving right his theories

 So what does it mean for graviton
Just as Electromagnetic field which constructed as a consequence of
Electromagnetic waves, works on the principle of force carriers called
photons(interacting between particles).
So do gravitational field which exist based on the existence of gravitational waves,
predict on similar lines (as EM field theory) the existence of force carriers called
gravitons
Exciting time isnt for quantum gravitational physicist
Isnt it??
 Well NOT Really
Extreme improbableness
associated with the measurement
of gravitational effects at
Then what? microscopic level.
Gravitational effects become
prominent at Planck scale(Planck
mass particles and separated by
Planck Length).
 But then let us play the theorist game
Some defined/predicted properties:
o The fact that gravity is found to have a long range effect automatically means that the
interaction energy depends on separation 1/r. There is no other possibility. The field is carried by
the exchange of graviton. It must have a mass m=0 so that the force proportional to 1/r^2
results from interaction.
o Spin of graviton is 2.
o The action that describes the total system of gravity, fields, matter, and coupling between matter
and gravitons, has the following form:

From this lagrangian of fields we can deduce some important properties, for example we can
understand why gravitation is attractive for likes and unlikes (unlike electrostatic force wherein
likes repel),
 The final frontier ):
Having laid out a strong foundation with the discovery of gravitational waves and predictions by
theorists on the properties of graviton the roadmap ahead now looks like who discovers gravitons
first.
Based on works of some theorists we can put forth a series of ways to discover the elusive graviton.
But before putting forth ways of detecting, it is important o specify the sources.

Graviton generators: can be classified as thermal and non thermal.

For the sake of thermal generator the most efficient source is the sun. Stephen Weinberg long
ago calculated the the graviton luminousity of sun to be about 10^24 gravitons per second with
energy in the kV range.
It is possible to imagine various ways in which energetic objects such as pulsars may emit non
thermal gravitons.
 Graviton Detectors:
Gravito-Compton and the LIGO:
A classical G-wave may be considered to be a coherent superposition of a large number of gravitons.
LIGO is supposed to detect a wave with a strain amplitude f of the order 10^-21. According to Landau,
the energy density of this wave is
E=(c^2/32piG)*w^2f, G is gravitational constant, w being angular frequency
For an angular frequency of 1kHz, the single graviton energy density is at most3*10^-47 ergs per cm^2.
So any gravitational wave detectable by LIGO must contain 3*10^37 gravitons. For a LIGO apparatus to
detect a single graviton, its sensitivity would have to be improved by a factor of the order 3*10^37.
We have a better chance of detecting a single graviton if we raise the frequency into optical range and
use a different kind of detector.
When the frequency is of the order of 10^15 hertz or higher, a single graviton can kick a electron out of
an atom, and the electron can be detected by standard methods of atomic or particle physics.
 Gertsenshtein method:

In the case of pulsars emitting non thermal gravitons of high energy, gertsenshtein described a process of
photo-graviton coherent mixing like the neutrino mixing.
If a photon travels a distance D through a uniform magnetic field B, it will emerge as a graviton with
probability, P=sin^2(G^1/2*B*D/2c^2)=sin^2(B/l) with the mixing length L=(2c^2/G^1/2.B).
We may also consider the gertsenshtein process as the basis of graviton detector consisting of a hollow
pipe of length filled with a transverse magnetic fieldB. The tube must be accurately pointed at a putative
source of gravitons in the sky. At the far end of the tube is a shield to block photons incident, and at the
near end is a shield to block photons resulting from the conversion of gravitons on their way through the
tube.
 Concluding remarks:
In sum, we can say that to detect a single graviton was
always going to be a difficult proposition, but its not
obvious that it is fundamentally impossible. Certainly
if a no graviton law appears elusive, we do feel
entitled to predict that no one will ever detect one in
our universe.
Dr. Freeman Dyson(Nobel laureate)
in his concluding remarks of his poincare prize lecture
THANK YOU