CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY
UNIT 4 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGH
RISE BUILDINGS
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS

Phase 1:
Site Supervision
Observations at site
Labour productivity
Phase 2:
Study of drawings
Constructability checks
Phase 3:
Basic ideas in the improvement of construction plan
Planning activities
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
Scheduling activities
 PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
Phase 1:
Site Supervision:
Site supervision includes the understanding of the site
and working conditions at the project location. In
this activity, one should get to know the various
works that are being executed at the site, the
degree of quality that is being followed, safety
aspects, organization structure, rules, policies
adopted etc.
Generally, inspection persons should create certain
that every of the subsequent things is followed
to:
a) That all workmanship and material are in unity
with the specifications and the suitable good
practice;
b) The quality control testing of material is at
standard level of workmanship; and
c) That all works are to be in accordance with
the equal, alignment, dimension, and cross
sections as identified in construction drawings
and specifications.
Observation at the site:
Observations at the site include knowledge of
working procedures, specifications and
practical executions on site. These help to
identify the different deliverables
required for completion of an activity.
Material required:
Observations made at site lists out the nature of the
material required, the quantity of material
required, availability of material required in the
market (off the shelf, prior order, import etc.).
The material required includes the list of major
consumables, minor consumables and reusable
materials (like shuttering material). The list helps
to identify the materials what company has to
procure and what to materials to contract.
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
Labour required:
Amount and nature (skilled and unskilled) of
labour required to carry out a certain task.
Mainly faced constraints in labour
mobilization include the availability of
construction labour, educating the labour
about companys working procedures,
labour skillset etc.
Tools, Plant and machinery required:
The observations also include listing out the
various tools and tackles, plant and
machinery required for successful
completion of tasks. This identifies what
tools and tackles, plant and machinery to
buy, to hire and to contract.
Site conditions and surrounding
environment:
These include the general site conditions like
accessibility, safety procedures, climatic
conditions, work permits, labour working
efficiency, constructability factors an the
store, office, labour camps, water,
electricity etc
Identification of various vendor:
Based on the different type of works to be
executed and material required at the site
to complete the activities, various types of
vendors are identified, as per project
requirements, contract documents are
drafted.
Estimating activity duration:
In most scheduling procedures, each work
activity has associated associated time
length. These durations are used
extensively in getting ready a schedule.
This duration are inferred from knowing the
productivity of labour/machinery and the
quantity of work to be executed. Labour
productivity is briefly explained under the
subhead Labour productivity. The quanttity
of work to be executed known from the bill
of quantities.
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS

Labour productivity:
Productivity in construction is regularly outlined as output for every man hour.
As the labour creates an enormous part for the development price and therefore the amount of man hours in
acting the mission in construction at a risk to the impact of the administration than unit material or capital,
this productivity measure is typically denoted to as productivity of labour.
But it is important to notice that productivity of labour could be alive of the effectiveness of associate
degree package in using equipments, labour and assets to convert labour energies into helpful productivity
and is not a measure of the abilities of labour only.
Construction output may be represented in terms of useful entities or rupees.
In the earlier case, labour productivity is related to parts of product per Man-hour, for example cubic
meters of concrete placed per hour
In the later case, labour productivity is recognized with the worth of construction( in constant rupees) per
man hour.
because of the varied nature of construction industries a single key for the complete a single key for the
complete.
So, the labour productivity at the site location ought to be determined for computation of varied activity
duration that successively helps in preparation of a reliable arrange.
Since the scope of activities is unlikely to be identical between completely different comes, unit productivity
rates are usually utilized for this purpose.
For example, the duration of associate degree activity did such as concrete formwork assembly can be
predictable.
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS

PHASE 2
Study of drawings
Study of drawings plays a significant role in the planning of activities.
In this course of action, various drawings are identified like Superstructure architectural
drawings, Structural drawings, Tile floor layout plan, Door & window schedule, Internal
drawings, Reflected ceiling plan, MEP drawings etc.
This study helps to recognize the various activities involved in delivering a project.
In this course of study of drawings, firstly, all the activities are recognized and then the
sequential order of the activities is deduced.
This helps to identify the inter-dependency of the activities and its associated trade.
This sequential inference of the activities helps in constructing a WBS which is to be adopted
for the successful completion of the project. By the study of drawings, not only the sequence of
activities is known but also the various materials required, trades involved and special
agencies (like waterproofers) to be employed can be identified.
Some of the details inferred from the study of drawings are
Site grade elevation, finish floor level, and building location footprints coordinated with the other
disciplines are identified.
Geometrical information of various items used is known.
The sequence of zoning can be deduced.
Coordination of MEP drawings with civil drawings is known.
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS

Constructability checks:
Constructability is a project management procedure to analyze construction
process from start to finish, during the pre-construction level.
It is to spot the difficulties before a project is truly constructed to cut back
or stop errors, cost overruns, and delays.
From drawings and practical observations at working site, the space
utilization of labour doing a particular task can be known, by this figures,
one can assess the number of workers or crews that can work simultaneously
for completing a task and can also check the different works that can be
executed in the space available.
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS

PHASE 3
Planning of activities:
List out all the activities included in the project.
Identify the total time required for project completion.
Identify the individual time required for each activity.
Make adjustments based on project deadlines.
Estimation of resources.
Allocate resources for all the activities.
Next leveling of the resources should be done.
Estimating cost and effort.
Based on the plan generated squeezing/relaxing of the resources should be done.
Identify milestones within the project element.
Identify separate projects or sub -projects between the milestones
Identify the interfaces between projects or sub- projects
Identify the information requirement for each of these events, projects, sub projects,
interfaces etc.
Identify the highest responsibility levels requiring the information.
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS

Planning of activities:
The determination of project
planning is to confirm that
the final result is
accomplished on time,
within the economy, and
shows quality.
After drafting the plan, the
plan must be re-run along
with the drawings, this
process helps to identify the
incorrect sequence or
mission of activities if any.
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS

WBS(WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE):

WBS is defined as deliverable-focused, hierarchical grouping of project elements that
organizes and defines the total project scope
Deliverables are tangible, measurable parts of a project which cannot be further
broken- down. Task is not a WBS element but a set of tasks produce a deliverable.
Some of the last WBS elements could be tasks, but most probably it is not
considered.
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS

Why create a WBS using deliverables rather than traditional WBS (trade-wise):
In general, a Project is broken down into various sub-projects or breaking down the
project into various levels of deliverables until it reaches single deliverable.
WBS can be broken down in many ways depending on the requirement of the project.
Of such, creating a WBS based on trade (which has been followed traditionally over the
past years) is shown in the Figure 4and Figure 5.
Breaking down WBS into trade-wise has gone all wrong because it holds good only for
certain level of planning where there were contractors to take only a particular sub-
head.
The advantage of this type of WBS is that a whole sub-head can be contracted to a
single contractor, so the distribution for contractor or project team members this would
hold good.
But this breaking down has a big flaw i.e., it doesnt cover interdependencies between
different trades.
Also, this type of breakdown cannot be adopted in Microsoft Project as it creates a loop
while planning activities which are under different sub-heads.
WBS based on trade is shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
 PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS

Scheduling of activities:
The Schedule links the scope, work estimates, and deadline into a network of sequential tasks.
Must Manage: Parallelism (tasks can be undertaken at the same time)
Dependency (task has an effect on succeeding tasks)
Tools and techniques for Scheduling
Critical Path Method (CPM).
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Gantt Chart
ETVX How do you track tasks
Planning separate task expressed as ETVX
Entry Criteria
Before starting
Tasking
Validation
Exit Criteria
After finished
ETVX of an individual task and Networking of activities by CPM in MSP is shown in [Figure 6],
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
SCHEDULING FOR HIGH-RISE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION USING
SIMULATION TECHNIQUES TYPICAL FLOOR CONSTRUCTION CYCLE

TYPICAL FLOOR CONSTRUCTION CYCLE:

In the construction of a high-rise building, one of the planning objectives is to ensure the
early completion of the structural frames to generate floor areas for the execution of
finishing works, building services installation and internal fitting out.
The completion of the structural frames is therefore critical in the overall programme.
For a building of 42-storeys high, it may consist of 40 typical floors resting on two
podium floors.
It is not surprised to have construction programme aiming at a 2-day or 4-day cycle for
the typical floors.
It would be a time-cost trade off problem in determining the duration for a project in
project-wise considerations or in selecting construction methods for major construction
activities.
Planning engineers have to balance the resources inputs and the duration for activities in
order to ensure a smooth flow of work sequences in meeting the project duration.
In minimizing the construction costs for constructing a reinforced concrete frame, the
formwork cost is one of the key concerns.
SCHEDULING FOR HIGH-RISE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION USING
SIMULATION TECHNIQUES TYPICAL FLOOR CONSTRUCTION CYCLE

It is well recognized that formwork is a temporary work for forming moulds for wet
concrete.
The cost of formwork is highly related to the number of re-use or re-cycling.
It is a general assumption that a set of formwork can be re-used for at least six to
eight times and 100 times for timber and steel form respectively.
Steel formwork systems are prevailing in high-rise building construction because of
their durability, good concrete finish and environmental sustainability.
However they are expensive unless the formwork system is designed to yield a high
number of reuse.
Taking the above example, a set of formwork for 40 typical floors is still
uneconomical. Consequently, it has to subdivide the floor area into zones in order
to generate a high number of reuse.
The subdivision of a floor into two or four zones will be a feasible solution.
It is obvious that dividing the floor into four zones would yield a high number of re-
use, that is 160 times.
The following example shows the arrangements of a 6-day floor cycle for a typical
residential building block.
SCHEDULING FOR HIGH-RISE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION USING
SIMULATION TECHNIQUES TYPICAL FLOOR CONSTRUCTION CYCLE

Construction of a 42-storey building:

Each floor is divided into four zones.
One set of steel wall form covering the quantity of one zone and two sets of slab timber
forms with each set covering the whole area of one floor are used.
In order to speed up the construction, precast faades and semi-precast slabs are employed.
The construction cycle aims at ensuring smooth and balanced resource allocations between
trade workers, concreting work and formwork installation.
As a result the resources rotate horizontally between zones at the same floor level and move
upward to the upper floor in the next cycle.
Figure 1 shows the schedule for a typical 6-day floor construction cycle including ten critical
activities.
The schedule is prepared assuming that the activities are carried out at constant duration.
However, the duration of activities varies due to factors such as supply of materials, skill of
workers, weather and efficiency of plant and equipment.
On the other hand, material hoisting plays an important role in high-rise building construction.
As the building grows, the transportation time increases and thus extends the duration for
the crane-related activities.
One of the objectives of this study is to use the simulation technique to review the typical
construction floor cycle.
This research attempts to see if there are any potential improvement on scheduling using
construction simulation.
SCHEDULING FOR HIGH-RISE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION USING
SIMULATION TECHNIQUES TYPICAL FLOOR CONSTRUCTION CYCLE

SIMULATION MODEL FOR TYPICAL FLOOR CYCLE: