UNITED NATIONS POLICE

STANDARDIZED BEST PRACTICES

TOOLKIT ON
GENDER MAINSTREAMING
POLICING IN PEACEKEEPING

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 UNPOL GENDER
TOOLKIT

MODULE 3

LESSON 1

UNDERSTANDING SEXUAL AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE

(SGBV) AND CONFLICT-RELATED SEXUAL VIOLENCE (CRSV)

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 Learning outcomes

Define SGBV and CRSV

Analyse the specificities of crimes related to SGBV
and CRSV
Analyse the barriers for police in addressing SGBV and
CRSV
Apply the appropriate legal policy framework to cases
of SGBV and CRSV

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JEOPARDY

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 Rules of the game

Each time, a group selects a category

and a question
The group has 30 seconds to provide
only one answer
If group does not answer properly, a
representative of every other group
races to the board for a chance to
answer
Race restarts between other
participants until one answers
accurately

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Concepts and Legal framework
General information
definitions and policing

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What is conflict-related sexual
violence?

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 Any form of sexual violence of
comparable gravity, perpetrated
against women, men or children
with a direct or indirect link to a
conflict, which may be temporal,
geographical or causal.

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What is sexual violence?

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 Sexual violence, including
exploitation and abuse, refers to
any act, attempt or threat of a
sexual nature that results, or is
likely to result, in physical,
psychological and emotional
harm.

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What is the difference between
SGBV and CRSV?

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Conflict-related sexual violence
(CRSV) is a type of SGBV
which may be used as a method
of warfare to humiliate enemies
and undermine their morale,
terrorise and control civilians,
force communities out of their
homes, affect ethnic balance.

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 Mention one resolution which
has placed conflict-related
sexual violence (CRSV) on the
international peace and security
agenda

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 Resolutions1820 (2008), 1888
(2009), 1960 (2010) and 2106
(2013) have placed conflict-
related sexual violence (CRSV)
on the international peace and
security agenda.

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 Which thematic areas of
Security Council resolutions
cover sexual violence in
conflict?

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 Women, peace and security
Protection of Civilians
Child Protection

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Give an example of a barrier to
policing in cases of SGBV

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 Deeply personal effect on victims,
serious emotional impact of SGBV,
social myths and stereotypes, sense of
betrayal, self-blame, health
consequences, high potential for re-
victimization, or sense of insecurity

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Cite at least four reasons for the
underreporting of SGBV

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 Physical and psychological trauma;
Young age, disability;
Threats, fear of retaliation, manipulation;
Feelings of shame, self blame;
Pressure from family;
Protection of the perpetrator, in particular if a family member;
Stigma from community;
Fear of being blamed, not believed or mistreated by police;
Lack of confidential areas in police stations and trained officers;
Lack of victim support services, no other place to go;
Prejudice surrounding sexuality i.e. male sexuality;
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Whats the proportion of women
worldwide experiencing
physical or sexual violence?

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1 out of 3 women worldwide
experience physical or sexual
violence

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 SECTION 1

UNDERSTANDING SEXUAL AND GENDER-BASED

VIOLENCE AND CONFLICT-RELATED SEXUAL
VIOLENCE

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Why is the understanding of SGBV and CRSV
important for peacekeeping?

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 Why is the understanding of SGBV and CRSV
important for policing in peacekeeping?

It highlights the important notion that systematic

SGBV can be a strategic weapon of war to
destabilize communities
Against women to provoke ethnical cleansing and
humiliation
Against men to weaken military and provoke
humiliation

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 Why is the understanding of SGBV and CRSV
important for policing in peacekeeping?

It contributes to peacekeeping work to acknowledge

that

men and boys also suffer sexual violence during

conflict
women and children in IDP camps are the most
vulnerable group of individuals
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Why is the understanding of SGBV and CRSV important
for policing in peacekeeping?

It contributes to peacekeeping work to acknowledge that

Host state police could be involved in perpetrating both

SGBV and CRSV

UN personnel has been involved in sexual exploitation

and abuse and these crimes have greatly undermined
the credibility of the United Nations
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 Activity

Instructions:

As the instructor presents different statements, move

to the corner which best represents your opinion.

I agree and believe I do not agree and

that this statement YES to me NO to me believe that this
is broadly accepted YES to them YES to them statement is broadly
by others accepted by others

I agree and I do not agree and

believe that this YES to me NO to me believe that this
statement is NOT NO to them NO to them statement is not
broadly accepted broadly accepted by
others others
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 Activity

Only women and girls are victims of SGBV

and CRSV.

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 Activity

Sexual violence is an inevitable side effect

of a conflict situation.

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 Activity

Sex is the primary motivation for rape.

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 Activity

A man cannot rape his wife.

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 Activity

The victim probably provoked the rape,

by behaving or being dressed
inadequately.

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 Activity

Sexual violence that amounts to an

international crime (i.e. war crime, crime
against humanity, genocide) can be
reported even if weeks, months or years
have already passed.

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 Activity

Women often falsely report rape.

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 Activity

Victims of sexual violence are generally

targeted by strangers. The offender is
typically mean looking, armed, and either
stalks victims and attacks at night or
breaks into their homes.

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 Activity

Sex workers cannot be raped.

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 Activity

Sex offenders usually come from the poor

strata of society, and either have a low level
of intellect or are crazy.

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Activity

2/3 of the cases of

rape are reported
to the police.

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 Activity II
Instructions:

As the instructor reads sentences out loud, move to

the side of the line you believe to properly classify
them.

TRUE FALSE

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 Activity II TRUE FALSE

Lack of resistance by the victim means

consent.

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 Activity II TRUE FALSE

SGBV
THE OFFENDERS

CRSV
Family
members Government actors

State Non-state
officials actors

Community Community
members members

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 Activity II TRUE FALSE

CRSV is a method of warfare to humiliate

enemies and undermine their morale.

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 Activity II TRUE FALSE

Its probably not worth doing an investigation

and file a report on SGBV if the victim later
decides to withdraw charges.

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 Activity II TRUE FALSE

The roots of CRSV are:

Personal disagreements
Breakdown of law and order and social structures
Political will

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 Activity II TRUE FALSE

The roots of SGBV are:

Inequality
Discrimination
Marginalization
Gender stereotypes

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 Activity II TRUE FALSE

Adult survivors of SGBV suffer many harmful consequences,

such as

FATAL HEALTH PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL AND

PSYCHOLOGICAL
CONSEQUENCES SEXUAL ECONOMIC

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 Activity II TRUE FALSE

Characteristics of crimes related to SGBV

Deeply personal effect

Lack of interest in justice
Health consequences
Revictimization
Victims behavior

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 Activity II TRUE FALSE

Below are justifications made by offenders

Complete denial
Forgetting, blanking out and not knowing
Denying the impact on children

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 Activity II TRUE FALSE

Gender-based violence is divided into

the following types:

Emotional Harmful
Socio-
and traditional
economic
psychological practices

Sexual Physical

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 DISCUSSION

What are examples of each type of

gender-based violence?

Emotional Harmful
Socio-
and traditional
economic
psychological practices

Sexual Physical

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 Expected outcomes

Discrimination
Denial of services (exclusion, denial of
access to education health assistance,
property rights, etc)
Socio- Social exclusion based on sexual
economic orientation (denial of access to services,
hostility against homosexuals,
transsexuals or transvestites)
Obstructive legislative practice (denial
of access to exercise of civil, social,
economic, cultural, and political rights)

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 Expected outcomes

Rape (including marital, anal, and attempted)

Child sexual abuse
Defilement
Incest
Forced sodomy
Sexual abuse
Sexual exploitation
Sexual Forced prostitution
Human sexual trafficking
Sexual harassment
Sexual violence (as a weapon of war and
torture, a form of genocide, a crime against
humanity)
Forced sterilization
Forced pregnancy

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 Expected outcomes

Female genitalia mutilation (FGM)

Early marriage
Forced marriage
Harmful Honour killing/maiming
traditional Female infanticide or neglect (killing,
withholding food, and/or neglecting
practices female children because they are
considered to be of less value in a
society than male children)
Denial of education for girls or
women

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 Beating
Punching
Kicking
Physical Biting
Burning
Maiming
Killing

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 Expected outcomes

Abuse
Humiliation (insulting, degrading,
demeaning, compelling victim to
Emotional and engage in humiliating acts non-
psychological sexual verbal abuse, denying basic
expenses for family survival),
Confinement (isolating a person
from friends/family, restricting
movements, deprivation of liberty).

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 DISCUSSION

Which ones are considered crimes?

Where do they often happen?

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 SECTION 2

IDENTIFYING AND APPLYING THE UNITED

NATIONS POLICY FRAMEWORK ON THE
PREVENTION OF SGBV AND CRSV

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 ACTIVITY

SCENARIO 1

SCENARIO 2

SCENARIO 3
Would you classify the violence as
SGBV or CRSV
What are the applicable laws in
case you were made responsible for SCENARIO 4

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 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

Gender-based violence is incompatible with the dignity and worth of

the human person.
EXPECTED OUTCOMES

Human rights instruments on women and childrens rights have

recognised SGBV as a violation of individual rights and freedoms.

CEDAW

Optional Optional
CRC
Protocol I Protocol II

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 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
International humanitarian law (IHL) is a set of rules that aim
to reduce suffering and limit the effects of armed conflict.
EXPECTED OUTCOMES

Geneva
Convention III
Convention
Geneva Convention I Geneva Convention II Relative to the
Convention for the Convention for the Treatment of
Amelioration of the Amelioration of the Prisoners of War
Condition of the Condition of the
Wounded and Sick in Wounded, Sick, and
Armed Forces in the Shipwrecked Members Geneva
Field of Armed Forces at Sea Convention IV
Convention
Relative to the
Protection of
Civilian Persons
in Time of War
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 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW

Penalizes crimes that due to their gravity, cruelty and widespread nature affect
international peace and security. These crimes include:
EXPECTED OUTCOMES

CRIMES
GENOCIDE WAR CRIMES AGAINST SEXUAL
HUMANITY VIOLENCE

Due to the gravity of these crimes the immunity of State officials is lifted.
They can be tried in domestic courts, in another States court or an ad-hoc
or permanent international criminal court such as the ICC providing the
State has acceded to its Statute.

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 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW
Invasion of any part of the body of a victim Male
or of the perpetrator with a sexual organ or
of the anal or genital opening of the victim Female
with any object or any other part of the
EXPECTED OUTCOMES

body. Any part of the body

It is noted that the concept of invasion is Objects

intended to be broad enough to be gender-
neutral.
Force
Definition
Threat
of rape
Fear of violence
By force, threat of force, coercion such as
that caused by fear of violence, duress, Duress
detention, psychological oppression or
Detention
abuse of power, against such person or
another person, or by taking advantage of Psychological
a coercive environment. oppression

It is understood that a person may be Abuse of power

incapable of giving genuine consent if
Coercive
affected by natural, induced or age- related
environment
incapacity.

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 SGBV IN NATIONAL LAW

Elements of a
definition of rape
EXPECTED OUTCOMES

The type of
How it
evidence
happens
required The types of
Use of force or relationship
consent Minimum number
Use of objects of witnesses (i.e. 4 between victim
witnesses) and offender that
are included
Who is Type of
Are husbands / intimate
protected penalties partners included?

Women? Girls? Fine

Years of
Men? Boys?
imprisonment
Exemption for
marrying victim

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EXPECTED OUTCOMES SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS

Women
Peace and
Security

Protection
of civilians

Child
protection

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 DPKO/DFS Policy on Gender Equality in UN Peace Operations

In assisting the host State police in

enforcing the law, UNPOL officers need
EXPECTED OUTCOMES

to

ensure the application of womens

equality before the law and promote
the equal rights of women in all areas
of law enforcement activities
support measures to address sexual
and gender-based violence and
facilitate the development of gender-
sensitive policies and training tools
encourage the increased recruitment
of women to law enforcement
agencies in post-conflict countries.

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 UN POLICE GENDER GUIDELINES (2008)

1. to assist in training all police on SGBV as first

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

responders.

2. to assist in setting up specialized units trained

and equipped to investigate SGBV cases and
facilitate referrals for victim support.

3. to assist in coordinating procedures with the

prosecution services of the justice system.

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 UN POLICE GENDER GUIDELINES (2008)

1. to assist in training all police on SGBV as first

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

responders.
United Nations Police Standardised Training Curriculum
on Preventing and Investigating Sexual and Gender-
Based Violence in Post-Conflict Environment
UN Police Gender Toolkit (Lesson on SOP)

2. to assist in setting up specialized units trained

and equipped to investigate SGBV cases and
facilitate referrals for victim support.
UN Police Gender Toolkit (Lesson on SGBV)

3. to assist in coordinating procedures with the

prosecution services of the justice system.
UN Police Gender Toolkit (Lesson on Victim
Support)

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 UNPOL Standardised Training Curriculum on Preventing and Investigating
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Post-Conflict Environment

This course provides UNPOL with skills for

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

an initial start. Further structure, design

and application should originate from the Outcomes
Prevent
mission environment. Protect
Account

There are twelve modules that can be Principles

grouped under three categories: SGBV Dynamics
Legal Framework
Trauma
the basic principles of SGBV
police investigative skills Skills More
knowledge awareness
Interviewing
knowledge awareness of specific Crime Scene Investigation
Case Management
FGM, Human trafficking,
Mass Rape-Genocide,
crimes related to SGBV. Problem solving
Mentoring, advising
Domestic Violence

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