Orthographic Projection

Review:

- Projections
- Orthographic projections

Home work:

- Glass Box Unfolded

- Multiview Projection Simple (duplicate)
- Lettering Orthographic Projection
 OBJECTIVES

1. Recognize and sketch the symbol for third-angle projection.

2. List the six principal views of projection.

3. Sketch the top, front, and right-side views of an object with

normal, inclined, and oblique surfaces.

4. Understand which views show depth in a drawing showing top,

front, and right-side views.

5. Know the meaning of normal, inclined, and oblique surfaces.

6. Transfer depth between the top and right-side views.

7. Label points where surfaces intersect.

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PROJECTIONS
!!!
Perspective Parallel
Projection projection
Orthographic Projection
(Multiview Projection)

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 Orthographic Projection

The orthographic projections shows the object as it looks from the front, right, left, top,
bottom, or rear, and are typically positioned relative to each other according to the rules of
either first angle or third angle projection. The origin and vector direction of the projectors
(also called projection lines) differs, as explained below.

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Different Viewpoint
Orthographic Projection
Standard 2D views
!!!
The Principal Dimensions of an Object

!!!
 Views of Objects
The system of views is called
multiview projection. Each view
provides certain definite
information. For example, a front
view shows the true shape and
size of surfaces that are parallel
to the front of the object.
 The Six Standard Views
Any object can be viewed from six mutually perpendicular
directions,
Revolving the Object to Produce Views
Revolving the Object to Produce Views. You can experience
different views by revolving an object.
 Principal Dimensions
The three principal dimensions of an object are width, height, and depth.

The front view shows only the height

and width of the object and not the
depth. In fact, any principal view of a 3D
object shows only two of the three
principal dimensions; the third is found
in an adjacent view. Height is shown in
the rear, left-side, front, and right-side
views. Width is shown in the rear, top,
front, and bottom views. Depth is
shown in the left-side, top, right-side,
and bottom views.
 Projection Method
The outline on the plane of projection shows how the object appears to the observer.
In orthographic projection, rays (or projectors) from all points on the edges or contours
of the object extend parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection.
The word orthographic means at right angles.

Projection of an Object
Horizontal and Profile Projection Planes
Specific names are given to the planes of projection. The front view is
projected to the frontal plane. The top view is projected to the horizontal
plane. The side view is projected to the profile plane.
 The Glass Box
One way to understand the standard arrangement of views on the sheet of paper is to
envision a glass box.

If planes of projection were placed parallel to each principal face of the object, they
would form a box.
 Unfolding the Glass Box
To organize the views of a 3D object on a flat sheet of paper, imagine the six planes
of the glass box being unfolded to lie flat.

!!!
Note the six standard views
(front, rear, top, bottom,
right side, left side).
 The Glass Box Unfolded
Lines extend around the glass box from one view to another on the planes of projection.
These are the projectors from a point in one view to the same point in another view.
 Transferring Depth Dimensions
The depth dimensions in the top and side views must correspond point-for-point.
When using CAD or instruments, transfer these distances accurately.

You can transfer dimensions between the top and

side views either with dividers or with a scale. You may find it convenient
to use a 45 miter line to
project dimensions
between top and side
views.
 Necessary Views
The top, front, and right-side views,
arranged together, are called the three
regular views because they are the
views most frequently used.

A sketch or drawing should contain only the views needed to clearly

and completely describe the object.
 Choice of Front View

The view chosen for the front view in this case is the side, not the front, of the
automobile.

!!! The most descriptive view is chosen as the front view

Third Angle Projection First Angle Projection
USA, Canada Europe, Asia
 !!!

Third Angle Projection First Angle Projection

USA, Canada Europe, Asia
 Hidden Lines
Thick, dark lines represent features of the object that are directly visible.
Dashed lines represent features that would be hidden behind other surfaces.
 Centerlines
The centerline pattern is used to:
show the axis of symmetry for a feature or part
indicate a path of motion
show the location for bolt circles and other circular patterns

The centerline pattern is

composed of three
dashes: one long dash on
each end with a short
dash in the middle.
 PRECEDENCE OF LINES
A visible line always takes precedence over and
covers up a centerline or a hidden line when they
coincide in a view (A and B).

A hidden line takes

precedence over a
centerline (C).
 Centerlines continued
Centerlines (symbol: ) are used to indicate symmetrical axes of objects or
features, bolt circles, and paths of motion.
Standard Views of Primitive Solids
 View Orientation

Poor orientation

Good orientation
 Select the most descriptive views
Use minimum number of views to
describe the object
Conventional Practices - Intersections
 Miter Lines
Miter lines are used to transfer depth information.
45o line drawn
from point O !!!

Standard multiviews
Fillets, Rounds & Chamfers
Top view
Edge Lines Principal & Inclined

2 Principal lines appear

vertical, horizontal
or as point views.
Inclined lines appear
inclined in one view.
 Edge Lines Oblique

Oblique line appears

inclined in all views
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Principal Planes

Principle planes are

parallel to principal
orthographic planes
Inclined Planes

Inclined planes are

perpendicular to two
opposite orthographic
planes.
Oblique Planes

Oblique planes are neither

parallel nor perpendicular
to any principal
orthographic planes.
 Type of Planes

Oblique

Principal Inclined
 VIEWS OF SURFACES
There are terms used for describing a surfaces orientation to the plane of projection.
The three orientations that a plane surface can have to the plane of projection are
normal, inclined, and oblique.

Note how a plane surface

that is perpendicular to a
plane of projection
appears on edge as a
straight line
Edge View of a Plane

Principal planes appear in true size in

one plane and as an edge view in the
other two planes.
 GLASS BOX UNFOLDED. To be turned in on
1. Duplicate the drawing. Draw the views of the object, sides of the unfolded box
represented as rectangles and construction lines connecting object views.
2. Write the names of the views (example Top, Front etc.)
3. Write the Width, Depth and Height within the dimension lines where it is shown on the
sketch.
4. Do not write letters F, P, H and do not draw the UCS icon

Ken Youssefi Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dept., SJSU 44

 Multiview Projection Simple. To be turned in on 02/21/2013

5/8
Ken Youssefi Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dept., SJSU 45
Instructions for the drwg Multiview Projection Simple:

1. Draw a Front View. Leave space on the bottom for the name
of the view.
2. Project construction lines to the Top and Right
Side views.
3. Draw Top view. Draw a Miter Line.
Using Miter line transfer measurements to the
Right side view.
4. Do not use a ruler for taking measurements.
5. Place names (1/8 height) of the views on 5/8 distance form the
bottom of each view
Ken Youssefi Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dept., SJSU 47