CREATED DUE TO A SUBLIME EXPERIENCE

SUBLIME: The quality of greatness. A personal

moment of literary and artistic importance.
It is where mere description becomes difficult .
And where measurement calculation, or
imitation of the experience results in an
inferior product.
COMMON QUALITIES
The usage of FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: The usage of
words or expressions that produce an appreciation
different from their literal meaning.
Hemino Abad The Crown and Root of Language

Rhythm: A regular pattern of movement or sound

Rhyme: correspondence of sounds between words
 TRADITION OF POETRY
Awit or Song: Lyrical poetry

Bugtong or riddle:
Uses Talinghaga or a metaphor to give clues to the answer

Sawikain or proverb:
Wisdom or beliefs important to Filipinos

Epiko or epic: Long, episodic narrative, chanted poems

normally with an epic hero and his adventures with
supernatural creatures and spirits. Done in feasts
 SPANISH CONTRIBUTION

Dramatically altered Philippine literary

tradition
Baybayin writing for the Tagalog was
supressed. Blasphemous according to
Spanish Friars because of the supernatural
creatures present.
Replacing old heroes with Jesus Christ.
Pasyon (popularized by Gaspar Aquino de
Belen and perpetrated by Mariano Pilapil.
 SPANISH CONTRIBUTION

Francisco Baltazar (Balagtas) Florante at Laura

(Albania) mirroring the Philippines
Echoing the rise of the new middle class ->educated
but not Spanish.
Illustrados: National Identity writing .
Revolutionary Writing : Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuan Lupa

Traditional Philippine Poetry never went away and

evolved and adapted: romances (became romantic)
 AMERICAN CONTRIBUTION
New Educational System
-English as a medium. Pinoys learned not only the language but
the poetic styles.
Free Verse: poetry that does not Rhyme or have a regular meter
New Criticism: formalist movement in literary theory that
dominated American Criticism in the 20th Century emphasized
close reading (careful sustained interpretation of a brief
passage) of a piece of poetry ( taking it as an autonomous
self-referential self-contained aesthetic object.)
Angela Manalang Gloria and Jose Garcia Villa pushed new ideas
in both form and content , challenging established
conventions.
 REGIONS AND REGIONAL CULTURE
There is no one Filipino Culture
Unique Cultural landscape
Different languages and traditions determined by
geographical and lingustic regions.

Bienvenido Lumbera: Imperial Manila -Center of Power

Outside :Periphery affecting the centre

We need to De-Center : How the regional contributed to

Philippine Culture through its unique voice and style?
FORMALISM
Taking onto consideration the pattern inherent in the
literary text itself discounting any outside influence.

These include grammar, syntax and also literary

devices

Two schools: Russian Formalism and New Criticism

RUSSIAN FORMALISM

Defamiliarization: making things strange

Literature being emphasized as a science and

concentrating on form rather than content to
emphasize its empirical nature.
 NEW CRITICISM

There are several points of view and procedures that are held
in common by most New Critics:
1. A poem should be treated as primarily poetry and should be
regarded as an independent and self-sufficient object.
2. The distinctive procedure of the New Critic is explication, or
close reading: the detailed and subtle analysis of the
complex interrelations and ambiguities of the components
within a work.
 NEW CRITICISM
3. The principles of New Criticism are fundamentally verbal.
That is, literature is conceived to be a special kind of
language whose attributes are defined by systematic
opposition to the language of science and of practical and
logical discourse. The key concepts of this criticism deal with
the meanings and interactions of words, figures of speech,
and symbols.
4. The distinction between literary genres is not essential.
 ELEMENTS IN POETRY

GENRE/SUBGENRE FORM
SUBJECT/THEME MEDIUM
DICTION TONE
PARTS IMAGERY
RHYTHM/PROSODY FIGURES OF
RHYME/RIME SPEECH/FIGURATIVE
PERSONA LANGUAGE
GENRE

-EPIC: long narrative poem that recounts the

adventures of a hero which showcases the
significance of a particular nation and culture.
-LYRIC: poems that focus on emotions and
feelings, usually with a certain musicality.
-DRAMATIC: Poetry written specifically for the
theatre.
SUBGENRE

-examples
>Rap- spoken rhythmic lyrics
>Soliloquy-speaking ones thoughts aloud
>Indian Epics- Asian Philosophical and
Spiritual element
SUBJECT AND THEME

Subject (explicit image)

- stated clearly
Theme (implicit idea)
-implied but not plainly expressed
THE FLOW FROM SUBJECT TO THEME
Poetry deals with particular things in concrete
language, since our emotions most readily
respond to these things.

From the poem's particular situation, the reader

may then generalize; the generalities arise by
implication from the particular.
DICTION (WORD OR PHRASE CHOICE IN SPEECH OR WRITING)

-Denotation: what the literal meaning is

(dictionary meaning)
-Connotation: what the meaning is according to
a particular cultural, emotional, psychological,
sociological context
DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
DICTION (WORD OR PHRASE CHOICE IN SPEECH OR WRITING)

-abstract VS concrete language

>Abstract: Intangible qualities, idea, and
concepts we know through our intellect
>Concrete: tangible qualities or characteristics
we know through our senses
 Onomatopoeia: words that sound like that which they
describe - Boom! Crash! Pow! Quack! Moo! Caress

Repetition: the repetition of entire lines or phrases to

emphasize key thematic ideas.

Parallel Structure: a form of repetition where the order

of verbs and nouns is repeated; it may involve exact
words, but it more importantly repeats sentence
structure - "I came, I saw, I conquered".
STYLE-
defined as the way a writer writes and it is the technique
which an individual author uses in his writing. Depends
on Syntax-arrangement of words and word choice.
Some Examples:

Formal- a language designed for use in situations in which

natural language is unsuitable

Standard-lingua franca and in their public discourse.

Colloquial- ordinary or familiar conversation

STYLE-
Vulgate- texts created for the use of the common people

Slang- non-standard words and phrases in a given

language.

Dialect- a regional variety of language distinguished by

features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation

Jabberwocky-(nonce words-made up)

 PARTS
Stanzas are a series of lines grouped together
and separated by an empty line from other
stanzas. They are the equivalent of a
paragraph in an essay. One way to identify a
stanza is to count the number of lines.
Verse/Lines: Verses are writing arranged with a
metrical rhythm. Lines unit of language into
which a poem is divided
Refrain: verse that is repeated at intervals
throughout a song or poem
couplet (2 lines)
tercet (3 lines)
quatrain (4 lines)
cinquain (5 lines)
sestet (6 lines)
septet (7 lines)
octave (8 lines)
 RHYTHM/PROSODY
Rhythm is a strong, regular, repeated pattern of movement
or sound. Prosody is the use/study of patterns of
rhythm
Meter-The rhythmical pattern of stressed and unstressed
syllables in verse.
EXAMPLE:
Iamb- A metrical foot consisting of an unaccented syllable
followed by an accented syllable.
Sonnet line consists of ten syllables in Iambic Pentameter
baBOOM / baBOOM / baBOOM / baBOOM / baBOOM

 METRICAL TYPES (RHTHYM)

Iamb (Iambic) - weak syllable followed by strong
syllable. [Note that the pattern is sometimes fairly hard
to maintain, as in the third foot.]
Trochee (Trochaic): strong syllable followed by a weak
syllable.
Anapest (Anapestic): two weak syllables followed by a
strong syllable.
Dactyl (Dactylic): a strong syllable followed by two weak
syllables.
Spondee (Spondaic): two strong syllables (not common
as lines, but appears as a foot). A spondee usually
appears at the end of a line.
 RHYME/RIME
Rhymes are words thus corresponding in sound.
Rhyme Scheme: Pattern of Rhymes

Alliteration: the repetition of initial sounds on the same

line or stanza - Big bad Bob bounced bravely.

Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds (anywhere in

the middle or end of a line or stanza) - Tilting at windmills

Consonance: the repetition of consonant sounds

(anywhere in the middle or end of a line or stanza) - And
all the air a solemn stillness holds. (T. Gray)
PERSONA
Usually referred to as the Mask. The
identity of the author is hidden by
the disguise /aspect he or she
wears.

Who is the Speaker?

FORM
follows a certain pattern - rhyme scheme or meter
or has a certain topic/focus, or all of the above.
1. Open: no pattern
2. Closed; fixed (sonnet, ballad, epigram,
haiku, sestina, limerick...); follows
patterns
3. Prose Poem; concrete or visual poetry
 FORM:
Ode: It is usually a lyric poem with an
elaborate stanza pattern
Elegy: It is a lyric poem that mourns the
dead.
Sonnet: It is a lyric poem consisting of 14
lines and, written in iambic pentameter.
Ballad: It is a narrative poem (musicality).
organized into quatrains or cinquains.
Shape poetry: poetry written in the shape or
form of an object
 FORM:
Acrostic : Poetry that certain letters, usually the first in
each line form a word or message when read in
sequence
Epitaph: written to praise or to reflect on the life of a
deceased person
Haiku: Japanese poem composed of 3 unrhymed lines
of 5, 7,5 syllables
Limerick: humorous poem consisting of 5 lines: Lines
1,2 and 5 have seven to ten syllables and rhyme
with one another. Lines 3 and 4 have five to seven
syllables and also rhyme with one another.
 FORM
Blank Verse: Any poetry that does have a set
metrical pattern but does not have rhyme

Free Verse: Most modern poetry no longer follows

strict rules of meter or rhyme, especially
throughout an entire poem. Free verse, frankly,
has no rules about meter or rhyme whatsoever!
 MEDIUM
How is it being presented or relayed/communicated:
Dialogue: conversation
Narrative: telling a story
Description: classifying

The Medium is the Message (Marshall McLuhan)

medium influences how the message is
perceived.
TONE
attitude of poem communicated
to audience.
IMAGERY
What senses?
(visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory)

Synesthesia: sense impression relating to

one sense or part of the body by
stimulation of another sense or part of
the body.
FIGURES OF SPEECH/
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
Simile is the rhetorical term used to designate the most
elementary form of resemblances: most similes are introduced
by "like" or "as." These comparisons are usually between
dissimilar situations or objects that have something in common,
such as "My love is like a red, red rose."
A metaphor leaves out "like" or "as" and implies a direct
comparison between objects or situations. "All flesh is grass."
Synecdoche is a form of metaphor, which in mentioning an
important (and attached) part signifies the whole (e.g. "hands"
for labor).
Metonymy is similar to synecdoche; it's a form of metaphor
allowing an object closely associated (but unattached) with a
object or situation to stand for the thing itself (e.g. the crown or
throne for a king or the bench for the judicial system).
FIGURES OF SPEECH/
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
Allusion: Indirect reference to a person, place, thing or
idea of historical, cultural, literary or political
significance.
Personification occurs when you treat abstractions or
inanimate objects as human, that is, giving them
human attributes, powers, or feelings (e.g., "nature
wept" or "the wind whispered many truths to me").
Pun:
use of a word or phrase so as to emphasize or suggest
its different meanings or applications, or the use of wor
ds that are alike
or nearly alike in sound but different in meaning
FIGURES OF SPEECH/
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
A symbol is like a simile or metaphor with the first term left out.
"My love is like a red, red rose" is a simile. If, through persistent
identification of the rose with the beloved woman, we may come
to associate the rose with her and her particular virtues. At this
point, the rose would become a symbol.
Allegory can be defined as a one to one correspondence between
a series of abstract ideas and a series of images or pictures
presented in the form of a story or a narrative. For example,
George Orwell's Animal Farm is an extended allegory that
represents the Russian Revolution through a fable of a farm and
its rebellious animals.
Apostrophe: Addressing an inanimate object, abstract quality or
absent individual.
FIGURES OF SPEECH/
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
Irony takes many forms. Most basically, irony is a figure of speech
in which actual intent is expressed through words that carry the
opposite meaning.

Paradox: usually a literal contradiction of terms or situations in a

statement.I am a compulsive liar, Bittersweet.

Cosmic Irony: showcases the insignificance of man before the

infinity that is is the universe or the as mere object, controlled by
God or supreme beings, Fate, or Destiny

Situational Irony: occurs when, for instance, a man is chuckling at

the misfortune of the other even when the same misfortune, in
complete unawareness, is befalling him. Expectation is not met.
FIGURES OF SPEECH/
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: IRONY
Dramatic irony: The character is ignorant of certain
circumstances that the reader is aware of and does not
realize that he is saying something that applies to his
own situation.
Verbal irony: involves what one does not mean. When in
response to a foolish idea, we say, what a great idea!
it is a verbal irony.
Overstatement (hyperbole)
Understatement (meiosis)
Sarcasm (mock or convey contempt)