Biomolecules

Molecules that make up living things

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 Types of Biological Molecules
Water Proteins Lipids

Nucleic acids Carbohydrates

Organic Compounds
Most Biomolecules are organic
This means they are based on Carbon
and include hydrogen
Includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
and nucleic acids
Also includes vitamins

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 Macromolecules

Large biomolecules
Many of these are polymers.

Polymers: long molecules built by linking

together small, similar subunits (monomers)

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Building up polymers
Condensation polymerization (aka as
dehydration synthesis) removes an OH
and H during synthesis of a new
molecule. ATP

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Polymerization Diagram
Water is formed and ATP is required
Water (H2O)

Monomers Polymer
energy
ATP ADP+pi

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Breaking down polymers
Hydrolysis breaks a covalent bond by
adding OH and H from a water
molecule

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Hydrolysis Diagram
Water is required
Water (H2O)

Polymer Monomers

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Types of Biomolecules
Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids
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 Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate means hydrated carbon

Composing elements C, H, O

Hydrogen and Oxygen are in a ratio of 2:1

Can be simple monomers like glucose

Can be complex polymers like cellulose

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 Groups of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates

sugars

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

(monomers) ( Dimers) (polymers)

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Monosaccharides
C6H12O6

Fructose
Galactose
Glucose

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Importance:
Energy source: used as a reactant in
respiration
Monomer Unit: used to form:
Dimers (disaccharides) and
Polymers (polysaccharides)

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 Disaccharides
Lactose: glucose + galactose
Maltose: glucose + glucose
Sucrose: glucose + fructose

sucrose
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Condensation to form Disaccharides

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Importance:
Energy storage: sucrose is a store of
energy in sugarcane and sugar beets

Energy transport: carbohydrate is

transported in plants as sucrose
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Polysaccharides

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Structural Carbohydrates
Chitin arthropod exoskeleton and fungal
cell wall
modified form of cellulose

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 Glycogen
Try making a

Amylases
Concept map
Respiration
Use the following terms Plants
to construct a concept
hydrogen Animals
map
oxygen Energy storage
Monosaccharide
glucose Any others
Polysaccharide
sucrose
Disaccharide
cellulose
Polymer
Starch
Monomer
Chitin
Carbon 19
 Protein
C,H,O,N and some have S
(a few might also have P due to
Addition of P in modification process
but P is not a component of amino acids)

insulin:C254H377N65O76S6

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Made by Ribosomes
DNA
Amino acids are
JOIN together by Transcription

PEPTIDE BONDS mRNA

Following a
Translation
sequence dictated
by the DNA Polypeptide?
/Protein

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 20 naturally occurring
and encoded by DNA

About half can be made by our body

and about half need to be
consumed(Between 8-10 are
essential)
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 Amino Acids

Phenylalanine
(phe)

Glutamine (gln)

Aspartic Acid
(asp)
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20 different
amino acids
encoded by
the DNA

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 Folding of polypetides to form
Proteins
Shape of a proteins are important because
This determines how they interact with
other molecules
This determines their particular function

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Primary Structure
Peptide(phosphodiester) bonds

phe glu tyr ser iso met phe glu

secondary
Structure

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Tertiary Structure

Quaternary
Structure

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Summary

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CATALYSTS eg. lipase

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REGULATION(hormones)
Eg Insulin

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STRUCTURAL eg.Keratin

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STRUCTURAL eg. Histone Protein

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TRANSPORT: eg haemoglobin

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TRANSPORT: protein
channels or carrier proteins

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IMMUNITY: eg Antibodies

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CONTRACTILE: eg Actin and Myosin

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Muscle contraction and relaxation

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Surface receptors

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Secondary Energy source

respiration
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 Try making a Concept map
Amino acid Transport Hydrogen
R group Haemoglobin Oxygen
Peptide bond Immunity Nitrogen
Polypeptide antibodies Sulfur
Catalysts Protein Monomer
Hormones channels Polymer
Structures Proteases Amino group
Transport Carbon energy
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 Lipids
Composing elements C, H, O

Lipids are loosely defined as groups of organic molecules

that are insoluble in water. Their chemical formula vary
considerably.

Include:
fats
oils
Waxes
Phospholipids
steroids: sex hormones and cholesterol
some vitamins
glycolipids (lipids with carbohydrates attached)
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 Lipid structure
Most lipids are composed of a of glycerol
molecule with attached fatty acids
GLYCEROL FATTY ACIDS
Fatty acid
Glycerol

Fatty acid
Triglyceride
Fatty acid

Phospholipid GLYCEROL
HYDROPHOBIC END

Fatty acid
Glycerol

Fatty acid

PO4
FATTY ACIDS
HYDROPHYLIC END Biological molecules 43
Lipid structure
Some lipids have a four ringed structure
Eg. Cholesterol and other lipids that are
derived from cholesterol

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Steroid Hormones
Progesterone: responsible for changes associated with
the menstrual cycle and with differentiation factor for
mammary glands

Aldosterone: raises blood pressure and fluid volume,

increases Na+ uptake

Testosterone: male sex hormone synthesized in the

testes, responsible for secondary male sex characteristics

Estradiol: an estrogen, principal female sex hormone,

produced in the ovary, responsible for secondary female
sex characteristics

Cortisol: involved in stress adaptation, elevates blood

pressure and Na+ uptake, numerous effects on the
immune system

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 Saturated fatty acid

Saturated fats:
Their fatty acids
have no double bonds between carbon

atoms(have maximum number of

hydrogen atoms)
Straight structure

Unhealthy fats usually from animal sources

Solid at room temperature(20C)

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 Unsaturated fatty acid
Unsaturated
fats
Their Fatty acids have:
Have some carbon atoms that are
double bonded(not fully hydrogenated)
Kinked in shape

Healthy

From plant sources

Liquid at room temperature (20C)

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 Importance; Biological Role
Used to store energy (approx 36 kj/gram)
Mitochondrion
Fat cell
(false color TEM)

Lipids are often stored in special

adipose tissue, within large fat cells

Lipids are concentrated sources of energy and can be

broken down (through fatty acid oxidation in the
mitochondria) to provide fuel for aerobic respiration
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 Importance; Biological Role
An important structural component of
membranes

Phospholipids are the primary structural component

of all cellular membranes, such as the plasma
membrane (false color TEM above).
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 Importance; Biological Role
acts as a shock absorber
and good insulator

The white fat tissue (arrows) is

visible in this ox kidney

Fat absorbs shocks.

Organs that are prone to
bumps and shocks (e.g. Stored lipids provide insulation
kidneys) are cushioned with in extreme environments.
a relatively thick layer of fat. Increased body fat levels in
winter reduce heat losses to the
environment.
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 Importance; Biological Role
Water proofing of some
surfaces

Transmission of
chemical messages Waxes and oils, when

via hormones secreted on to surfaces

provide waterproofing in
plants and animals.
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Forming a triglyceride
NOT a Polymer

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 Try making a Concept map
Glycerol lipases Hydrogen
Fatty acids Carbon Oxygen
Steroids Insulation Waxes
Ring structure Phospholipid Oils
Triglycerides Membrane Fats
Saturated Hormones Shock
unsaturated Energy absorption
storage
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Nucleic Acids
Composing elements: C, H , O, P, N
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Encodes information used to assemble
proteins.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Reads DNA-encoded information to direct
protein synthesis.

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DNA nucleotides

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 Nucleotide structure

5
Phosphate
group
Nitrogen base
(A,G,C,T)
Deoxyribose
(sugar)
3

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OH

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Nucleotide structure
5

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purines pyrimidines

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 Try Making a Concept map
Nucleotide genetic Hydrogen
Monomer information Oxygen
Polymer Amino acids Nitrogen
DNA Ribosome Phosphorus
mRNA carbon
RNA
tRNA
rRNA Biological molecules 63
END OF PRESENATION

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