Steam turbine

summary
What is the turbine?
What is the principle of steam
turbine?
Types of steam turbine.
Component of steam turbine.
Problems in steam turbine.
 What exactly is the turbine?

Turbine is an engine that

converts energy of fluid
into mechanical energy

The steam turbine is

steam driven rotary
engine.
Principle of steam turbine:
The steam energy is converted mechanical work by
expansion through the turbine.
Expansion takes place through a series of fixed
blades(nozzles) and moving blades.
In each row fixed blade and moving blade are called
stage.
Steam turbine:

Steam Turbine System:

Widely used in CHP(combined heat and power)
applications.
Oldest prime mover technology
Capacities: 50 kW to hundreds of MWs
Thermodynamic cycle is the Rankin cycle that uses a
boiler
Most common types
Back pressure steam turbine
Extraction condensing steam turbine

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 Steam turbine:

Back Pressure Steam Turbine

Steam exits the turbine at a higher pressure that the
atmospheric

HP Steam
Advantages:
-Simple configuration
-Low capital cost
Boiler Turbine -Low need of cooling water
-High total efficiency
Fuel

Disadvantages:
Condensate LP
Process Steam
-Larger steam turbine

Figure: Back pressure steam turbine

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 Steam turbine:

Extraction Condensing Steam

Turbine HP Steam

Steam obtained by
extraction from an Boiler Turbine

intermediate stage Fuel

Remaining steam is Condensate

LP Steam

Process
exhausted
Relatively high
capital cost, lower Condenser

total efficiency

Figure: Extraction condensing steam turbine

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steam turbine and blades
Types of steam turbine:
There are two main types
1. Impulse steam turbine
2. Reaction steam turbine
Impulse steam turbine:
The basic idea of an impulse turbine is that
a jet of steam from a fixed nozzle pushes
against the rotor blades and impels them
forward.
The velocity of steam is twice as fast as the
velocity of blade.
Pressure drops take place in the fixed blade
(nozzle).
The single stage impulse turbine:
The turbine consists of a single rotor to which
impulse blades are attached.
The steam is fed through one or several
convergent nozzles.
If high velocity of steam is allowed to flow
through one row of moving blades.
It produces a rotor speed of about 30000 rpm
which is too high for practical use.
Velocity diagram:
Cross section view:
Component of impulse steam turbine:
Main components are
1. Casing
2. Rotor
3. Blades
4. Stop and control valve
5. Oil befell, steam befell
6. Governor
7. Bearing (general and thrust bearing)
8. Gear box (epicyclic gear box)
9. Oil pumps
 Construction of steam turbines

1 steam pipeline 9 rotor disc 21 bearing pedestal

2 inlet control valve 10 rotor 22 safety governor
3 nozzle chamber 11 journal bearing 23 main oil pump
4 nozzle-box 13 thrust bearing 24 centrifugal governor
5 outlet 14 generator rotor 25 turning gear
6 stator 15 coupling 29 control stage impulse blading
7 blade carrier 16 labyrinth packing
8 casing 19 steam bleeding (extraction)
Reaction steam turbine:
A reaction turbine utilizes a jet of steam
that flows from a nozzle on the rotor.
Actually, the steam is directed into the
moving blades by fixed blades designed to
expand the steam.
The result is a small increase in velocity
over that of the moving blades.
Schematic diagram:
Problems in steam turbine:
Stress corrosion cracking
Corrosion fatigue
Pitting
Oil lubrication
imbalance of the rotor can lead to
vibration
misalignment
Thermal fatigue
BLADE FAILURES:
Unknown 26%
Stress-Corrosion Cracking 22%
High-Cycle Fatigue 20%
Corrosion-Fatigue Cracking 7%
Temperature Creep Rupture 6%
Low-Cycle Fatigue 5%
Corrosion 4%
Other causes 10%
Corrosion:
Resultant damage:
Extensive pitting of airfoils, shrouds,
covers, blade root surfaces.
Causes of failure:
Chemical attack from corrosive elements
in the steam provided to the turbine.
Creep:
Resultant damage:
Airfoils, shrouds, covers permanently
deformed.
Causes of failure:
Deformed parts subjected to steam
temperatures in excess of design limits.
Fatigue:
Resultant damage:
Cracks in airfoils, shrouds, covers, blade
roots.
Causes of failure:
Loosing of parts (cover, tie wire, etc.)
Exceeded part fatigue life design limit
Stress Corrosion Cracking:
Resultant damage:
Cracks in highly stressed areas of the
blading.
Causes of failure:
caused by the combined presence of
corrosive elements and high stresses in
highly loaded locations.
Thank you