Chapter 5

The Time Value

of Money

Laurence Booth, Sean Cleary

and Pamela Peterson Drake
 Outline of the chapter
5.2 Annuities and 5.3 Nominal and
5.1 Time is money 5.4 Applications
perpetuities effective rates
Simple versus Ordinary APR Savings plans
compound annuities EAR Loans and
interest Annuity due Solving for the mortgages
Future value of Deferred rate Saving for
an amount annuities retirement
Present value of Perpetuities
an amount
5.1 Time value of money
Simple interest
Simple interest is interest that is paid only
on the principal amount.

Interest = rate principal amount of loan

Simple interest: example
A 2-year loan of $1,000 at 6% simple interest
At the end of the first year,
interest = 6% $1,000 = $60
At the end of the second year,
interest = 6% $1,000 = $60
and loan repayment of $1,000
Compound interest
Compound interest is interest paid on both
the principal and any accumulated interest.
accumulated
Interest = rate principal +
interest
Compounding
Compounding is translating a present
value into a future value, using compound
interest.
Future Present Future value
=
value value interest factor
Future value interest factor is also referred
to as the compound factor.
Terminology and notation
Term Notation Meaning
Future value FV Value at some specified
future point in time
Present value PV Value today
Interest i Compensation for the use
of funds
Number of periods n Number of periods
between the present value
and the future value
Compound factor (1 + i)n Translates a present value
into a future value
Compare:
simple versus compound
Suppose you deposit $5,000 in an account
that pays 5% interest per year. What is the
balance in the account at the end of four
years if interest is:
1. Simple interest?
2. Compound interest?
Simple interest
Year Beginning Add interest Ending

1 $5,000.00 + (5% $5,000) = $5,250.00

2 $5,250.00 + (5% $5,000) = $5,500.00

3 $5,500.00 + (5% $5,000) = $5,750.00

4 $5,750.00 + (5% $5,000) = $6,000.00

Compound interest
Year Beginning Compounding Ending

1 $5,000.00 1.05 = $5,250.00

2 $5,250.00 1.05 = $5,512.50
3 $5,512.50 1.05 = $5,788.13
4 $5,788.13 1.05 = $6,077.53
Interest on interest
How much interest on interest?
Interest on interest = FVcompound FVsimple
Interest on interest = $6,077.53 6,000.00 = $77.53
 Comparison
Simple interest Compound interest
End of year balance

$6,078
$6,000
$5,788
$5,750
Simple Compound $7,000

$5,513
$5,500
$5,250
$5,250
$5,000
$5,000
Year

Balance in the account

interest interest $6,000

0 $5,000.00 $5,000.00 $5,000

$4,000
1 $5,250.00 $5,250.00
$3,000
2 $5,500.00 $5,512.50 $2,000

3 $5,750.00 $5,788.13 $1,000

$0
4 $6,000.00 $6,077.53 0 1 2 3 4
Year in the future
Try it: Simple v. compound
Suppose you are comparing two accounts:
The Bank A account pays 5.5% simple
interest.
The Bank B account pays 5.4% compound
interest.
If you were to deposit $10,000 in each, what
balance would you have in each bank at the
end of five years?
Try it: Answer
1. Bank A: $12,750.00
2. Bank B: $13,007.78
A note about interest
Because compound interest is so common,
assume that interest is compounded unless
otherwise indicated.
Short-cuts
Example:
Consider $1,000 deposited for three years
at 6% per year.
The long way
FV1 = $1,000.00 (1.06) = $1,060.00
FV2 = $1,060.00 (1.06) = $1,123.60
FV3 = $1,123.60 (1.06) = $1,191.02
or
FV3 = $1,000 (1.06)3 = $1,191.02
or
FV3 = $1,000 1.191016 = $1,191.02

Future value factor

Short-cut: Calculator
Known values:
PV = 1,000
n=3
i = 6%
Solve for: FV
Input three known values,
solve for the one unknown
Known: PV, i , n
Unknown: FV

HP10B BAIIPlus HP12C TI83/84

1000 +/- 1000 +/- 1000 CHS PV [APPS] [Finance]

PV PV 3n [TVM Solver]
3N 3N 6i N =3
6 I/YR 6 I/YR FV I%=6
FV FV PV = -1000
FV [Alpha] [Solve}
Short-cut: spreadsheet
Microsoft Excel or Google Docs
=FV(RATE,NPER,PMT,PV,TYPE)
TYPE default is 0, end of period
=FV(.06,3,0,-1000)
or
A
1 6%
2 3
3 -1000
4 =FV(A1,A2,0,A3)
Problems Set 1
Problem 1.1
Suppose you deposit $2,000 in an account
that pays 3.5% interest annually.
1. How much will be in the account at the
end of three years?
2. How much of the account balance is
interest on interest?

23
Problem 1.2
If you invest $100 today in an account that
pays 7% each year for four years and 3%
each year for five years, how much will you
have in the account at the end of the nine
years?

24
Discounting
Discounting
Discounting is translating a future value
into a present value.
The discount factor is the inverse of the
1
compound factor:
1+
To translate a future value into a present
FV
value, PV=
1+
Example
Suppose you have a goal of saving $100,000
three years from today. If your funds earn
4% per year, what lump-sum would you have
to deposit today to meet your goal?
Example, continued
Known values:
FV = $100,000
n=3
i = 4%
Unknown: PV
Example, continued
$100,000 1
PV = 3 =$100,000
1+0.04 1+0.04 3
PV = $100,000 0.8889964
PV = $88,899.64

Check:
FV3 = $88,899.64 (1 + 0.04)3 = $100,000
Short-cut: Calculator
HP10B BAIIPlus HP12C TI83/84

100000 +/- 100000 100000 CHS PV [APPS] [Finance] [TVM

PV +/- PV 3n Solver]
3N 3N 4i N =3
4 I/YR 4 I/YR PV I%=4
PV PV FV = 100000
PV [Alpha] [Solve]
Short-cut: spreadsheet
Microsoft Excel or Google Docs
=PV(RATE,NPER,PMT,PV,TYPE)
TYPE default: end of period
=PV(.06,3,0,-1000)
or
A
1 6%
2 3
3 100000
4 =PV(A1,A2,0,A3)
Try it: Present value
What is the todays value of $10,000
promised ten years from now if the discount
rate is 3.5%?
Try it: Answer
Given:
FV = $10,000
N = 10
I = 3.5%
Solve for PV

PV = $10,00010 = $7,089.19
1+0.035
Frequency of compounding
If interestis compounded more than once
per year, we need to make an adjustment
in our calculation.
The stated rate or nominal rate of interest
is the annual percentage rate (APR).
The rate per period depends on the
frequency of compounding.
Discrete compounding:
Adjustments
Adjust the number of periods and the rate
per period.
Suppose the nominal rate is 10% and
compounding is quarterly:
The rate per period is 10% 4 = 2.5%
The number of periods is
number of years 4
Continuous compounding:
Adjustments
The compound factor is eAPR x n.
1
The discount factor is .
eAPR x n
Suppose the nominal rate is 10%.
For five years, the continuous compounding
factor is e0.10 x 5 = 1.6487
The continuous compounding discount factor
for five years is 1 e0.10 x 5 = 0.60653
Try it: Frequency of
compounding
If you invest $1,000 in an investment that
pays a nominal 5% per year, with interest
compounded semi-annually, how much will
you have at the end of 5 years?
Try it: Answer
Given:
PV = $1,000
n = 5 2 = 10
i = 0.05 2 = 0.25
Solve for FV

FV = $1,000 (1 + 0.025)10 = $1,280.08

Problem Set 2
Problem 2.1
Suppose you set aside an amount today in an
account that pays 5% interest per year, for
five years. If your goal is to have $1,000 at
the end of five years, what would you need
to set aside today?

40
Problem 2.2
Suppose you set aside an amount today in an
account that pays 5% interest per year,
compounded quarterly, for five years. If your
goal is to have $1,000 at the end of five
years, what would you need to set aside
today?

41
Problem 2.3
Suppose you set aside an amount today in an
account that pays 5% interest per year,
compounded continuously, for five years. If
your goal is to have $1,000 at the end of five
years, what would you need to set aside
today?

42
 0 1 2 3 4 5
| | | | | |

CF CF CF CF CF
PV? FV?

5.2 Annuities and

Perpetuities
What is an annuity?
An annuity is a periodic cash flow.
Same amount each period
Regular intervals of time

The different types depend on the timing

of the first cash flow.
Type of annuities
Type First cash flow Examples
Ordinary One period from Mortgage
today
Annuity due Immediately Lottery payments
Rent
Deferred annuity Beyond one period Retirement savings
from today
Time lines: 4-payment annuity
0 1 2 3 4 5
| | | | | |

CF CF CF CF
Ordinary
PV FV

CF CF CF CF
Annuity due
PV FV

CF CF CF CF
Deferred annuity
PV FV
Key to valuing annuities
The key to valuing annuities is to get the
timing of the cash flows correct.
When in doubt, draw a time line.
Example: PV of an annuity
What is the present value of a series of three
cash flows of $4,000 each if the discount rate
is 6%, with the first cash flow one year from
today?
0 1 2 3 4
| | | |

$4,000 $4,000 $4,000

Example: PV of an annuity
The long way
0 1 2 3 4
| | | |

$4,000 $4,000 $4,000

$3,773.58
3,559.99
3,358.48
$10,692.05
Example: PV of an annuity
In table form
Discount Present
Year Cash flow factor value
1 $4,000.00 0.94340 $3,773.58
2 $4,000.00 0.89000 3,559.99
3 $4,000.00 0.83962 3,358.48
2.67301 $10,692.05

PV = $4,000.00 2.67301 = $10,692.05

Example: PV of an annuity
Formula short-cuts

1 1
3
1+0.06
PV = $4,000 0.06

PV = $4,000 2.67301

PV = $10,692.05
Example: PV of an annuity
Calculator short cuts
Given:
PMT = $4,000
i = 6%
N=3
Solve for PV
Example: PV of an annuity
Spreadsheet short-cuts
=PV(RATE,NPER,PMT,FV,TYPE)
=PV(.06,3,4000,0)

Note: Type is important for annuities

If Type is left out, it is assumed a 0
0 is for an ordinary annuity
1 is for an annuity due
Example: FV of an annuity
What is the future value of a series of three
cash flows of $4,000 each if the discount rate
is 6%, with the first cash flow one year from
today?
0 1 2 3 4
| | | |

$4,000 $4,000 $4,000

Example: FV of an annuity
The long way
0 1 2 3 4
| | | |

$4,000.00 $4,000.00 $4,000.00

4,240.00
4,494.40
$12,734.40
Example: FV of an annuity
In table form
Compound
Year Cash flow factor Future value
1 $4,000.00 1.1236 $4,494.40
2 $4,000.00 1.0600 4,240.00
3 $4,000.00 1.0000 4,000.00
3.1836 $12,734.40

PV = $4,000.00 3.1836 = $12,734.40

Example: FV of an annuity
Calculator short cuts
CALCULATOR
Given:
PMT = $4,000
i = 6%
N=3
Solve for FV
Example: FV of an annuity
Spreadsheet short-cuts
=FV(RATE,NPER,PMT,PV,type)
=FV(.06,3,4000,0)
Annuity due
Consider a series of three cash flows of
$4,000 each if the discount rate is 6%, with
the first cash flow today.
1. What is the present value of this annuity?
2. What is the future value of this annuity?
The time line
0 1 2 3
| | | |

$4,000.00 $4,000.00 $4,000.00

PV? FV?

This is an annuity due

 Valuing an annuity due
Present value Future value
End of year Compoun Present value of End of year
Year cash flow d factor cash flow Year cash flow Factor Future value
0 $4,000.00 1.00000 $4,000.00 0 $4,000.00 1.19102 $4,764.06
1 $4,000.00 0.94340 3,773.58 1 $4,000.00 1.12360 4,494.40
2 $4,000.00 0.89000 3,559.99 2 $4,000.00 1.06000 4,240.00
2.83339 $11,333.57 3.37462 $13,498.46
Valuing an annuity due:
Using calculators
Present value Future value
PMT = 4000 PMT = 4000
N=3 N=3
I = 6% I = 6%
BEG mode BEG mode
Solve for PV Solve for FV
Valuing an annuity due:
Using spreadsheets
Present value
=PV(RATE,NPER,PMT,FV,TYPE)
=PV(0.06,3,4000,0,1)

Future value
=PV(RATE,NPER,PMT,FV,TYPE)
=PV(0.06,3,4000,0,1)
Any other way?
There is one period difference between an
ordinary annuity and an annuity due.
Therefore:
PVannuity due = PVordinary annuity (1 + i)
and
FVannuity due = FVordinary annuity (1 + i)
Valuing a deferred annuity
A deferred annuity is an annuity that
begins beyond one year from today.
That means that it could begin 2, 3, 4, years
from today, so each problem is unique.
Valuing a deferred annuity
0 1 2 3 4 5
| | | |

CF CF CF CF
4-payment PV0 PV1
ordinary annuity,
then discount
value one period

4-payment annuity PV0 PV2

due, then discount
value two periods
Example: Deferred annuity
What is the value today of a series of five
cash flows of $6,000 each, with the first cash
flow received four years from today, if the
discount rate is 8%?

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
| | | | |

PV? CF CF CF CF CF
Example, cont.
Using an ordinary annuity:
PV3 = $23,956.26 Discount 3 periods at 8%
PV0 = $19,017.25
Using an annuity due:
PV4 = $25,872.76
Discount 4 periods at 8%
PV0 = $19,017.25
Example: Deferred annuity
Calculator solutions
HP10B BAIIPlus TI83/84
0 CF 0 CF 1 [2nd] {
0 CF 0 CF 1 F1 0 0 0 6000 6000
0 CF 0 CF 1 F2 6000 6000 6000}
0 CF 0 CF 1 F3 STO [2nd] L1
6000 CF 6000 CF 1 F4 [APPS] [Finance]
6000 CF 6000 CF 1 F5 [ENTER] 7
6000 CF 6000 CF 1 F6 NPV(.08,0,L1)
6000 CF 6000 CF 1 F7 [ENTER]
6000 CF 6000 CF 1 F8
8i 8i
NPV NPV
Example: Deferred annuity
Spreadsheet solutions
A B
1. =PV(0.08,3,0,PV(0.08,5,6000,0))
Year Cash flow 2. =PV(0.08,4,0,PV(0.08,5,6000,0,1))
1 1 $0 3. =NPV(0.08,A1:A9)
2 2 $0
3 3 $0
4 4 $6000
5 5 $6000
6 6 $6000
7 7 $6000
8 8 $6000
Perpetuities
A perpetuity is an even cash flows that
occurs at regular intervals of time, forever.
The valuation of a perpetuity is simple:

PV = 1 + 2 + 3 +
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+

PV =

Problem Set 3
Problem 3.1
Which do you prefer if the appropriate
discount rate is 6% per year:
1. An annuity of $4,000 for four annual
payments starting today.
2. An annuity of $4,100 for four annual
payments, starting one year from today.
3. An annuity of $4,200 for four annual
payments, starting two years from today.
73
5.3 Nominal and effective
rates
APR & EAR
The annualpercentage rate (APR) is the
nominal or stated annual rate.
The APR ignores compounding within a year.
The APR understates the true, effective rate.

The effective annual rate (EAR)

incorporates the effect of compounding
within a year.
APR EAR

EAR = 1 + 1

Suppose interest is stated as 10% per years,
compounded quarterly.
0.10 4
EAR = 1 + 1 = 1.0254 1
4
EAR = 10.3813%
EAR with continuous
compounding
EAR = 1
Suppose interest is stated as 10% per years,
compounded continuously.
EAR = e0.1 1=1.051711
EAR = 10.5171%

77
Frequency of compounding
If interest
is compounded more frequently
than annually, then this is considered in
compounding and discounting.
There are two approaches
1. Adjust the i and n; or
2. Calculate the EAR and use this
Example: EAR &
compounding
Suppose you invest $2,000 in an investment
that pays 5% per year, compounded
quarterly. How much will you have at the
end of 4 years?
Example: EAR &
compounding
Method 1:
FV = $2,000 (1 + 0.0125)16 = $2,439.78

Method 2:
EAR = (1 + 0.054)4 1 = 5.0945%
FV = $2,000 (1 + 0.050945)4 = $2,439.78
Try it: APR & EAR
Suppose a loan has a stated rate of 9%, with
interest compounded monthly. What is the
effective annual rate of interest on this loan?
Try it: Answer
0.09 12
EAR = 1+ 1
12
EAR = 1.007512 1
EAR = 9.3807%
Problem Set 4
Problem 4.1
What is the effective interest rate that
corresponds to a 6% APR when interest is
compounded monthly?

84
Problem 4.2
What is the effective interest rate that
corresponds to a 6% APR when interest is
compounded continuously?

85
5.4 Applications
Saving for retirement
Suppose you estimate that you will need $60,000
per year in retirement. You plan to make your first
retirement withdrawal in 40 years, and figure that
you will need 30 years of cash flow in retirement.
You plan to deposit funds for your retirement
starting next year, depositing until the year before
retirement. You estimate that you will earn 3% on
your funds.
How much do you need to deposit each year to
satisfy your plans?
Deferred annuity time line
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 39 40 41 42 43 79
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

D D D D D D D D W W W W W W

D = Deposit (39 in total)

W = Withdrawal (30 in total)
 Deferred annuity time line
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 39 40 41 42 43 79
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

W W W W W

PV Ordinary annuity

Ordinary annuity FV

D D D D D D D D D
Two steps
Step 1: Present value of ordinary annuity
N = 30; i = 3%; PMT = $60,000
PV39 = $1,176,026.48
Step 2: Solve for payment in an ordinary
annuity
N = 39; i = 3%; FV = $1,176,026.48
PMT = $16,280.74
What does this mean?
If there are 39 annual deposits of $16,280.74
each and the account earns 3%, there will be
enough to allow for 30 withdrawals of
$60,000 each, starting 40 years from today.
 Balance in retirement account
$1,400,000
$1,200,000
$1,000,000
Balance in
the $800,000
retirement $600,000
account
$400,000
$200,000
$0
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
Year into the future


Practice problems
Problem 1
What is the future value of $2,000 invested
for five years at 7% per year, with interest
compounded annually?
Problem 2
What is the value today of 10,000 promised
in four years if the discount rate is 4%?
Problem 3
What is the present value of a series of five
end-of-year cash flows of $1,000 each if the
discount rate is 4%?
Problem 4
Suppose you plan to save $3,000 each year
for ten years. If you earn 5% annual interest
on your savings, how much more will you
have at the end of ten years if you make your
payments at the beginning of the year
instead of the end of the year?
Problem 5
Sue plans to deposit $5,000 in a savings
account each year for thirty years, starting
ten years from today. Yan plans to deposit
$3,500 in a savings account each year for
forty years, starting at the end of this year. If
both Sue and Yan earn 3% on their savings,
who will have the most saved at the end of
forty years?
Problem 6
Suppose you have two investment
opportunities:
Opportunity 1: APR of 12%, compounded
monthly
Opportunity 2: APR of 11.9%, compounded
continuously
Which opportunity provides the better
return?
Problem 7
If you can earn 5% per year, what would you
have to deposit in an account today so that
you have enough saved to allow withdrawals
of $40,000 each year for twenty years,
beginning thirty years from today?
Problem 8
Suppose you deposit 50000 in an account
that pays 4% interest, compounded
continuously. How much will you have in the
account at the end of ten years if you make
no withdrawals?
The end