2.

1 Chain rule
When gear A makes x turns, gear B makes u turns and gear C makes y turns.,

u turns 3 times as fast as x

So y turns 3/2
y turns as fast as u du as fast as x
3
dy 1 dx

du 2

dy dy du

dx du dx

Rates are multiplied

 The Chain Rule for composite functions

If y = f(u) and u = g(x) then y = f(g(x)) and

dy dy du

dx du dx multiply rates

dy d
f ( g ( x) f ( g ( x)) g ( x)
dx dx

multiply rates
 Find the derivative (solutions to follow)

1) f ( x) (3x 5x2 )7 4) f ( x) sin(2 x)

2) f ( x) ( x 1)
3 2 2 5) f ( x) tan( x2 1)

7
3) f (t )
(2t 3) 2
Solutions dy dy du

dx du dx
1) f ( x) (3x 5x2 )7
dy
7u 6 (3 10 x)
du dx
u 3x 5 x 2 3 10 x
dx
dy
y u
dy
7
7u 6 7(3x 2 x 2 )6 (3 10 x)
du dx

1
2) f ( x) 3 ( x 2 1)2 dy 2
u 3 (2 x)
dx 3
du 1
u x2 1 2x dy 2 2
dx ( x 1) 3
(2 x)
2

1 dx 3
u3
dy 2
u
dy 4x
y
du 3
3
1
dx
3( x 2 1) 3
Solutions 7 dy dy du
3) f (t ) 7(2t 3) 2
(2t 3) 2 dx du dx
du dy
u 2t 3 2 14u 3 2
dx
dx
2 dy dy 28
y 7u 14u 3 3
14(2t 3) (2)
du dx (2t 3)3
4) f ( x) sin(2 x)
du dy
u 2x 2 2cos(u ) 2cos(2 x)
dx dx
dy
y sin(u ) cos(u )
du

5) f ( x) tan( x2 1)
du dy
u x2 1 2x sec2 (u )(2 x) 2 x sec2 ( x 2 1)
dx dx
dy
y tan(u ) sec 2 (u )
du
 Outside/Inside method of chain rule

dy d
f ( g ( x) f ( g ( x)) g ( x)
dx dx

outside inside derivative derivative

of outside of inside
wrt inside

think of g(x) = u
Outside/Inside method of chain rule example
outside

d 2
1

3x x 1
dx
3

f ( g ( x)) g ( x)

inside derivative derivative

of outside of inside
wrt inside

d 2
1 2

1
3x x 1 3 3x 2 x 1 3 6 x 1
dx 3
6x 1
2

3 3x 2 x 1 3
 Outside/Inside method of chain rule
outside
d
dx

d
sin sin f ( g ( x)) g ( x)
3
dx
3

inside derivative derivative

of outside of inside
wrt inside
d 2 d
sin 3 sin sin
3
dx dx

3sin 2 cos
 Outside/Inside method of chain rule

d
dx

csc( 2 3) f ( g ( x)) g ( x)

outside inside derivative

derivative
of outside of inside
wrt inside
d
dx

csc( 2 3) csc( 2 3)cot( 2 3)2

2 csc( 2 3)cot( 2 3)
 More derivatives with the chain rule
1
f ( x) x 1 x 2 2 f ( x) x 2 1 x 2 2

product
1 1
f ( x ) x 2
d
dx

1 x2 2 1 x2 2
d
dx
x2
1 1

1
f ( x) x 2 1 x2 2 ( 2 x) 1 x 2 2 2x
2
1
f ( x )
x3
1
1 x 2
2 2x Simplify terms
1 x 2 2
Combine with
1 1 common denominator
f ( x)
x3

1 2 x 1
x2 2 x2 2

x3 (1 x 2 )2 x

x3 2 x 2 x3
1 1 1 1
1
x2 2 1 x 2 2
1
x2 2 1
x2 2

3 x 3 2 x
f ( x ) 1

1 x2 2
 More derivatives with the chain rule
3
3x 1
f ( x) 2
x 3
2
3x 1 d 3x 1
f ( x ) 3 2 Quotient
x 3 dx x 2 3 rule
2
3 x 1 ( x 3)3 (3 x 1)(2 x)
2
3 2
x 3

2
x 3
2

2
3 x 1 (3 x 9) (6 x 2 x)
2 2
3 2
x 3

2
x2 3

2
3x 1 3x 9 6 x 2 x 3(3 x 1) 2 ( 3 x 2 2 x 9)
2 2
3 2
x 3

2 4
x2 3 x2 3


Radians Versus Degrees 1 radians
180
The formulas for derivatives assume x is in radian measure.
sin (x) oscillates only /180 times as often as sin (x)
oscillates. Its maximum slope is /180.

d/dx[sin (x)] = cos (x)

d/dx [sin (x) ] = /180 cos (x)

2.2 Implicit Differentiation

Although we can not

solve explicitly for y,
we can assume that y
is some function of x
and use implicit
differentiation to find
the slope of the curve
at a given point
y=f (x)
 dy
If y is a function of x then its derivative is
dx
y2 is a function of y, which in turn is a function of x.
using the chain rule: d 2 dy
y 2y
dx dx
Find the following derivatives wrt x
d 2
1
1
y 1 dy
y 2
dx
2 dx
d
sin y cos y
dy
dx dx

d 2 3 dy
x y
2
x 3y 2
y3 2 x
dx dx
Use product rule
 Implicit Differentiation y x sin( xy)
2 2

1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x,

treating y as a function of x. This requires the chain rule.
dy dy
2y 2 x cos( xy) x y (1)
dx dx
2. Collect terms with dy/dx on one side of the equation.
dy dy
2y 2 x cos( xy )( x ) cos( xy ) y
dx dx
dy dy
2 y cos( xy )( x ) 2 x cos( xy) y
dx dx
3. Factor dy/dx
dy
(2 y x cos( xy )) 2 x y cos( xy)
dx
4. Solve for dy/dx dy 2 x y cos( xy)

dx 2 y x cos( xy)
Find equations for the
tangent and normal to the curve at (2, 4).

Use Implicit Differentiation

find the slope of the tangent at (2,4)

find the slope of the normal at (2,4)
Solution x3 y3 9 xy 0
1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x,
treating y as a function of x. This requires the chain rule.
dy dy
3x 2 3 y 2 (9 x y 9) 0
dx dx

dy dy
3x 2 3 y 2 9 x 9 y) 0
dx dx
2. Collect terms with dy/dx on one side of the equation.
dy dy
3 y2 9 x 9 y 3x 2
dx dx
dy
(3 y 2 9 x) 9 y 3x 2
3. Factor dy/dx dx
dy 9 y 3x 2
4. Solve for dy/dx 2
dx 3 y 9 x)
9(4) 3(2) 2
24 4
mtan mnormal
5
3(4) 9(2) 30 5
2
4
Find dy/dx
x y (x y )
2 2 2

1. Write the equation of the tangent line at (0,1)

2. Write the equation of the normal line at (0,1)

Solution
x y ( x 2 y 2 )2
1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x,
treating y as a function of x. This requires the chain rule.
dy dy
1 2( x 2 y 2 )(2 x 2 y )
dx dx
dy dy dy
1 4 x3 4 x 2 y 4 xy 2 4 y 3
dx dx dx

2. Collect terms with dy/dx on one side of the equation.

dy dy dy
4 x2 y 4 y3 1 4 x3 4 xy 2
dx dx dx
3. Factor dy/dx dy (1 4 x 2 y 4 y 3 ) 1 4 x3 4 xy 2
dx

4. Solve for dy/dx dy 1 4 x3 4 xy 2

dx 1 4 x 2 y 4 y 3
 Find dy/dx x y (x y ) 2 2 2

dy 1 4 x3 4 xy 2

dx 1 4 x 2 y 4 y 3

1. Write the equation of the tangent line at (0,1)

1 1
y 1 ( x 0) or y x 1
3 3
2. Write the equation of the normal line at (0,1)
y 1 3( x 0) or y 3x 1
 3.8 Higher Derivatives
The derivative of a function f(x) is a function
itself f (x). It has a derivative, called the
second derivative f (x)
If the function f(t) is a position function, the
first derivative f (t) is a velocity function and
the second derivative f (t) is acceleration.
d2y
f ( x) 2
dx
The second derivative has a derivative (the third derivative) and
the third derivative has a derivative etc.
d3y d 4
y d n
y
f ( x) 3 f ( x) 4
(4)
f ( x) n
(n)

dx dx dx
 x
Find the second derivative for f ( x)
x 1

( x 1)(1) x(1) 1
f ( x)
( x 1) 2
( x 1) 2

d 1 d
f ( x) 2

dx ( x 1) dx
( x 1) 2

2
f ( x) 2( x 1) (1)
3

( x 1)3

x
Find the third derivative for f ( x)
x 1
In algebra we study relationships among variables

The volume of a sphere is related to its radius

The sides of a right triangle are related by
Pythagorean Theorem
The angles in a right triangle are related to
the sides.
In calculus we study relationships between the rates of
change of variables.
How is the rate of change of the radius of a
sphere related to the rate of change of the
volume of that sphere?
 Examples of rates-assume all variables are
implicit functions of t = time
dr
Rate of change in radius of a sphere
dt
dV
Rate of change in volume of a sphere dt
dx
Rate of change in length labeled x dt
dA
Rate of change in area of a triangle dt

d
Rate of change in angle, dt

2.3
 Solving Related Rates equations
1. Read the problem at least three times.
2. Identify all the given quantities and the quantities
to be found (these are usually rates.)
3. Draw a sketch and label, using unknowns when
necessary.
4. Write an equation (formula) that relates the
variables.
5. ***Assume all variables are functions of time and
differentiate wrt time using the chain rule. The
result is called the related rates equation.
6. Substitute the known values into the related rates
equation and solve for the unknown rate.
Figure 2.43: The balloon in Example 3.
A hot-air balloon rising straight up from a level field is tracked
by a range finder 500 ft from the liftoff point. The angle of
elevation is increasing at the rate of 0.14 rad/min. How fast is the
balloon rising when the angle of elevation is is /4?

x 500 ft
Given:
d
0.14 rad / min
dt y

Find: x 500

dy
when
dt 4

Related Rates
Figure 2.43: The balloon in Example 3.
A hot-air balloon rising straight up from a level field is tracked
by a range finder 500 ft from the liftoff point. At the moment the
range finders elevation angle is /4, the angle is increasing at
the rate of 0.14 rad/min. How fast is the balloon rising at that
moment?
y
tan
500
d d y
tan
dt dt 500
d 1 dy y
sec2
dt 500 dt
1 dy
sec2 ( )(.14) x
4 500 dt
1 1 dy
(.14)
2 500 dt dy
140 ft / sec
cos ( )
4 dx
Figure 2.44: Figure for Example 4. Related Rates
A police cruiser, approaching a right angled intersection from
the north is chasing a speeding car that has turned the corner
and is now moving straight east. The cruiser is moving at 60
mph and the police determine with radar that the distance
between them is increasing at 20 mph. When the cruiser is .6
mi. north of the intersection and the car is .8 mi to the east,
what is the speed of the car? ds
20 mph
Given: dt
dy
60mph
dt

Find:
dx
when x .8, y .6
dt
s 2 x2 y 2

ds dx dy
2s 2x 2 y
dt dt dt
dx
2(1)(20) 2(.8) 2(.6)(60)
dt

dx
70mph
dt ds
20 mph
Given: dt
dy
60mph
dt

Find:
dx
when x .8, y .6
dt
then s = 1
Figure 2.45: The conical tank in Example 5.Related Rates
Water runs into a conical tank at the rate of 9 ft3/min. The
tank stands point down and has a height of 10 ft and a base of
radius 5 ft. How fast is the water level rising when the water
is 6 ft. deep?

dV
Given: 9 ft 3 / min
dt
H 10 ft , R 5 ft

Find:
dy
when y 6 ft.
dt
Water
Figureruns
2.45:into a conical
The conicaltank
tankatinthe rate of 95.ft3/min. The
Example
tank stands point down and has a height of 10 ft and a base of
radius 5 ft. How fast is the water level rising when the water
is 6 ft. deep?
1 2 x 5 y 2x
V x y
3 y 10
1 2 Given:
V x 2 (2 x) x3 dV
3 3 9 ft 3 / min
dV dx dt
2 x 2
dt dt H 10 ft , R 5 ft
dx
9 2 (3) 2 Find:
dt
dx 1 dy
when y 6 ft.
dt 2 dt
dy dx 1 1 x=3
2* 2* .32 ft / min
dt dt 2
3. .10 The more we magnify the graph of a function near a
point where the function is differentiable, the flatter the graph
becomes and the more it resembles its tangent.
Differentiability
Differentiability and Linearization
Approximating the change in the function f by
the change in the tangent line of f.

Linearization
Write the equation of the straight line
approximation y x cos x at (0,1)
y 1 sin x 1 0 1 at (0,1)

y y1 m( x x1 ) Point-slope formula
y f (a ) f (a )( x a ) y=f(x)
y 1 1( x 0)
y 1 x